Esssential of Negotiation Free Essays

string(108) " or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which \(compromising\) the dispute occurs\." Helsinki School of Economics Advanced Negotiation Practices Course Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Lewicki, Roy J. , David M. Saunders, and John W. We will write a custom essay sample on Esssential of Negotiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Minton. 2001. Essentials of Negotiation: 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Reviewed by Mohammad Moshtari February 2008 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Book Introduction This book represents authors’ response to faculty who wanted a briefer version of the longer text, Negotiation. The objective of this shorter volume is to provide the reader with the core concepts negotiation in a more succinct version. The book is organized into 9 chapters. The first four chapters introduce the reader to ? Negotiation Fundamentals?. The first chapter introduces the field of negotiation and conflict management, describes the basic problem of interdependence with other people, and briefly explores the problems of managing that interdependence. The second chapter introduces the concept of ? framing? or how parties come to decide what a negotiation is all about, and how parties need to plan for an upcoming negotiation. Chapter 3 and 4 then present the two core approaches to negotiations: the basic dynamics of competitive (win-loss) bargaining (chapter 3) and the basic dynamics of integrative (win-win) negotiation (chapter 4). The next two chapters present two key sub processes of negotiation: cognition and communication, and power and persuasion. In chapter 5, basic processes of cognition and communication in negotiation is reviewed, especially communication dynamics is examined as well as a number of common cognition and judgment biases made by negotiators. In chapter 6, authors looked at the tools negotiators can use to pressure the other side, using the tools of persuasion and power to get the other to change his or her perspective or give in to our arguments. The next two chapters review two key context elements of negotiation. In chapter 7, authors examined the ethical context and standards that surround negotiation and create unique challenges for negotiators in deciding how fully and completely they are going to disclose their bargaining positions. In chapter 8, authors attempted to clarify how national cultures around the world shape the diverse ways parties approach negotiations. The last chapter emphasizes strategies that can be used by the parties to resolve breakdowns in the negotiation process. Chapter 9 explores the techniques that negotiators can use on their own to get negotiations back on track. Authors made some of related materials (secondary chapters) accessible on the World Wide Web (at www. mhhe. com/business/managment/lewicki) including social context of negotiation, multiparty negotiations or managing difficult negotiations: theirs party approaches. The organization of the book also parallels more closely the organization of a companion volume, Negotiation: Readings, Exercises and Cases by Roy J. Lewicki. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. Contents in Brief ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The nature of negotiation Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation Communication, perception and cognitive biases Finding and using negotiation leverage Ethics in negotiation Global negotiation Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 1: The nature of negotiation The structure and processes of negotiation are fundamentally the same at personal level as they are at the diplomatic and corporate level. Negotiations occur for two reasons: (1) to create something new that neither party could do on his or her own, (2) to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties. There are sev eral characteristics common to all negotiation situations: (1) there are two or ore parties, (2) there is a conflict of interest between them, (3) The parties negotiate duo to get a better deal (4) the parties, at least for a moment prefer to search for agreement, (5) when they negotiate they expect to give and take, (6) successful negotiation involves the management of intangibles (such as need to look good) as well as resolving the tangibles (such as the terms of agreement) In negotiations both parties need each other. This situation of mutual dependency is called interdependence. Interdependent relationships are characterized by interlocking goals; the parties need each other to accomplish their goals. The structure of the interdependence (wind-lose or win-win), determines the range of possible outcomes of the negotiation and suggests the appropriate strategies and tactics that the negotiators should use. Interdependent relationships are complex. Both parties know that they can influence the other’s outcomes and their outcomes in turn be influenced by the other. This mutual adjustment continues throughout the negotiation as both parties act to influence the other. Making and interpreting concessions is no easy work, especially when there is little trust between negotiations. The search for an optimal solution through the processes of giving information and making concessions is greatly aided by trust and a belief that you are being treated honesty and fairly. Two efforts in negotiation help to create such trust and belief: perceptions of outcomes that attempts to change a party’s estimation of the perceived importance of something and perception of the process may help convey images of equity, fairness and reciprocity in proposals and concessions. One potential consequence of interdependent relationship is conflict that can be duo to the highly divergent needs of the two parties, a misunderstanding that occurs between two people, or some other intangible factors. One way to classify conflicts is by level, and four levels of conflicts are commonly identified: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intra-group conflict, inter-group conflict. Conflict may be destructive or productive, so the objective is not to eliminate conflict but to learn how to manage it so that the destructive elements are controlled while the productive aspects are enjoyed. Negotiation is a strategy for productively managing conflict. Many approaches to managing conflict have been suggested. The below two dimensional framework is represented as the dual concerns model. The model postulates that individuals in conflict have two independent levels of concern: concern about their own outcomes and concern about the other’s outcomes. As mentioned in the figure, there are five major Problem Yielding strategies for conflict management. Each strategy has its Solving advantages and disadvantages and is more or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which (compromising) the dispute occurs. You read "Esssential of Negotiation" in category "Papers" Thus, conflict theory and research have moved toward a contingency approach advocating that the Inaction Contending strategy selected should be based on the objectives of the parties and the nature of their dispute. Two major mechanisms for resolving conflicts-third parties and Concern about own outcomes conflict management systems- extend above and beyond the strategies of the parties themselves. Concern about others’ utcomes 3 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 2: Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning In this chapter, authors discuss what negotiators should do before sitting down at the table: framing, strategizing, and planning. Framing is the means by which the parties in a negotiation define the problem. They mention that there are three ways to understand frames: as cognitive heuristics, at categories of experience, and as a process of issue development. In continuation, they try to introduce the negotiator to the power and prevalence of frames via: different types of frames, how certain frames may be invoked or ignored in a given situation, the consequences of framing a conflict in a particular way and the approaches that negotiators can use to manage frames more effectively. Understanding frames- which means understanding how parties define the key issues and how conversations can shift and transform those issues- is the first step in effective planning. After framing, negotiators must anticipate what they want to achieve in a negotiation and must prepare for these events in advance. The preparation must include attention to substantive items including goals, goal priorities, and multi-goal packages as well as procedural concerns dealing with agendas and bargaining histories. the choice of goals and frames are strongly interactive and the existence of one will rapidly produce evidence of other. Afterwards negotiators move to the third element in the sequence: selecting and developing a strategy. According to below suggested model, negotiators have some choices of a negotiation that is reflected in the answers to two simple questions: how much concern does the actor have for achieving the substantive outcomes at stake in this Substantive outcome important? negotiation and how much concern does the Yes No negotiator have for the current and future quality of relationship with the other party. Yes Collaboration Accommodation In the last part of chapter, authors explain the importance of planning. hile success in negotiation is affected by how one plays the game, the most important step for success is No Competition Avoidance how to one gets ready for the game. effective planning also hard work on a number of specific steps: ? Defining issues ? Assembling issues and defining the bargaining mix ? Defining interests ? Consulting with others ? Identifying limits ? Setting targets ? Developing supporting arguments ? Analyzing the other party Frames, goals, strategies and stages set the background for an effective planning process. If the negotiator is able to consider and evaluate each of these factors, the negotiator will know what he or she wants and will have a clear sense of direction on how to proceed. The sense of direction, and the confidence derived from it will be the single most important factor in achieving a desired negotiation outcome. Rational choice important 4 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 3: Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation In a distributive bargaining situation, the goals of one party are usually in fundamental and direct conflict with the goals of the other party. Resources are fixed and each party will use a set of strategies to maximize their share of resources to be obtained. While distributive strategies are useful, they can also be counterproductive and costly. Often they cause the negotiating parties to focus so much on their differences that they ignore what they have in common. These negative effects notwithstanding, distributive bargaining strategies are quite useful when a negotiator wants to maximize the value obtained in a single deal and when the relationship with the other party is not important. Both parties to a negotiation should establish their starting, target and resistance points before beginning a negotiation. Starting points are usually in the opening statements each party makes. The target point is usually learned or inferred as negotiations get under way. The resistance point, the point beyond which a person will not go and would rather break off negotiations. The spread between the resistance points, called bargaining range, settlement range or zone of potential agreement, is particularly important. In this area the actual bargaining takes place, for anything outside these point will be summarily rejected by one of the two negotiators. It is rare that a negotiation includes only one item; more typically there is a set of items, referred to as a bargaining mix. Each item in a bargaining mix can have opening, target and resistance points. The bargaining mix may provide opportunities for bundling issues together, logrolling or displaying mutually concessionary behavior. Negotiators by employing strategies attempt to influence each other perceptions of what is possible through the exchange of information and persuasion. Regardless of the general strategy taken, two tasks are important in all distributive bargaining situations: discovering the other party’s resistance point and influencing the other party’s resistance point. The negotiator’s basic goal is to reach a final settlement as close to the other party’s resistance point as possible. Four tactical tasks are suggested for a negotiator in a distributive bargaining: (1) to asses the other party’s outcome values and the costs of terminating negotiations, (2) to manage the other party’s impressions of the negotiator’s outcome values, (3) to modify the other party’s perception of his or her own outcome values, and (4) to manipulate the actual costs of delaying or aborting negotiations. The other decision to be made at the outset of distributive bargaining concerns the stance to adopt during negotiations. A reasonable bargaining position is usually coupled with a friendly stance and an extreme position is usually couple ith a tougher, more competitive stance. A key concept in creating a bargaining position is that of commitment. The purpose of a commitment is to remove ambiguity about the actor’s intended course of action. There are several ways to create a commitment: public pronouncement, link with an outside ally, increase the promi nence of demands, reinforce the treat or promise. There are a set of hardball tactics to beat the other party. Such tactics are designed to pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do, and their presence usually disguises the user’s adherence to a decidedly distributive bargaining approach. Some of them are: good guy/bad guy, highball/lowball, bogey, the nibble, chicken, intimidation, aggressive behavior, snow job. The authors suggested three ways for responding to typical hardball tactics, including ignore them, discuss them and respond in kind. 5 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 4: Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation In many negotiations there need not be winners and losers; all parties can be winner. In integrative negotiation- variously known as cooperative, collaborative, win-win, or problem solving- the goals of the parties are not mutually exclusive. The fundamental structure of an integrative negotiation situation is such that it allows both sides to achieve their objectives. Integrative negotiation requires a process fundamentally different from that of distributive negotiation. Those wishing to achieve integrative results find that they must manage both the context and the process of the negotiation in order to gain the willing cooperation and commitment of all parties. The following processes tend to be central to achieving almost all integrative agreements: ? creating a free flow of information ? ttempting to understand the other negotiator’s real needs and objectives ? emphasizing the commonalities between the parties and minimizing the difference ? searching for solutions that meet the goals and objectives of both sides There are four major steps in the integrative negotiation process: 1. Identifying and defining the problem, ? define the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides ? keep the problem statement clean and simple ? state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal ? epersonalize the problem ? separate the problem definition from the search for solution 2. understanding the problem and bringing interests and needs to the surface (focusing on interests will allow the parties to move beyond opening positions and demands to determine what the parties really want, what needs truly must be satisfied) 3. generating alternative solutions to the problem (tactics such as expand the pie, logroll, nonspecific compensation, cut the costs for compliance, find a bridge solution 4. Evaluating those alternatives and selecting among them ? narrow the range of solution options ? agree to the criteria in advance of evaluating options ? evaluate solutions on the basis of quality and acceptability ? be willing to justify personal preferences ? be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options ? use subgroups to evaluate complex issues ? take time out to cool off ? explore different ways to logroll ? keep decisions tentative and conditional until all aspects of the final proposals are complete ? inimize formality and record keeping until final agreements are closed Authors identified seven fundamental preconditions for successful integrative negotiation: some form of shared or common goal, faith in one’s own ability to solve problems, a belief in the validity and importance of the other’s position, the motivation and commitment to work together, trust in the opposing negotiator, the ability to accurately exchange information in spite of confl ict conditions, and an understanding of how the process works. 6 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 5: Communication, perception and cognitive biases Communication is at the heart of the negotiating process. This chapter focuses on the processes by which negotiators communicate their own interests, positions, and goals and in turn make sense of those of the other party and of the negotiation as a whole. Weather the intent is to command and compel, sell, persuade or gain commitment, how parties communicate in negotiation would seem to depend on the ability of the speaker to encode the thoughts properly as well as on the ability of the listener to understand and decode the intended messages. There are two critical sub-processes of communication: perception and cognition. ? Perception is defined as the process of screening, selecting and interpreting stimuli so that they have meaning to the individual. The complexity of environments makes it impossible to process all of the available information, so perception becomes selective, focusing on some stimuli while turning out others. As a result people have several shortcuts in their perceptual systems that allow them to process information more readily. Unfortunately these shortcuts come with cost-perceptual errors such as stereotyping, halo effects, selective perception or projectionswhich typically occur without people being aware that they are happening. Stimulus Attention Recognition Translation Behavior Perception ? Rather than being perfect processors of information, negotiators have a tendency to make systematic errors when they process information. These errors, labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede negotiator performance: the irrational escalation of commitment, mythical fixed pie belief, the process f anchoring and adjustment, issue and problem framing, negotiators overconfidence, the winner’s curse, self-serving biases, ignoring others’ cognitions, the law of small numbers and reactive devaluation. Failures and distortions in perception, cognition and communication are the most dominant contributors to breakdowns and failures in negotiations. Three main techniques have been proposed for improving communic ation in negotiation: the use of questions, listening and role reversal. 7 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 6: Finding and using negotiation leverage In this chapter, the authors focus on leverage in negotiation that means the tools negotiators can use to give themselves an advantage or increase the probability of achieving their own objectives. Leverage is often used synonymously with power. Authors explain three major sources of power: information and expertise, control over resources, and location in an organizational structure and then point to the process for using power as an attempt to change the other’s position, view or perspective. During negotiations, actors frequently need to convince each other, influence the other party’s positions, perceptions and opinions and for doing these they employ a group of tactics that are called persuasion. Authors consider four key elements of persuasion: ways in which sources of information can be powerful, ways in which messages can be structured to be more powerful, ways in which targets of persuasion can enhance or reduce their power and ways in which the elements in social context can exert indirect influence on the target. There are some ways in which to think about the key factors in the persuasion/ leverage process. One of them is shown in below figure. Message factors Resultant attitudes (positions) Initial attitudes (positions) ? Message content ? Message Structure ? Persuasive style Source factor ? Credibility ? Attractiveness Target factors ? attending to the other ? Resisting the other’s arguments Context factor Reciprocity, Commitment, Social proof, Use of reward and punishment, Scarcity Central Route Peripheral Route ? ? ? ? Message factors or ways in which he content of the message can be structured and presented to enhance its effectiveness Source factors or ways in which the sender of the message can enhance his or her credibility and attractiveness in order to make the message more believable or more friendly Receiver factors or ways in which the receiver of the message can either shape and direct what the sender is communicating or intellectually resist the persuasive effects of the message Context factors or elements inherent in the social structure (such as the relationship between the parties, the setting in which the message is sent or the amount time taken to communicate the message) that can determine whether a message is more or less likely to be received and complied with. There are at least three major things that you as the listener can do to resist the other’s influence efforts: have a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), make a public commitment (or get the other pa rty to make one) and inoculate yourself against the other’s persuasive message. 8 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 7: Ethics in negotiation In this chapter authors explored the question of whether there are or should be accepted ethical standards for behavior in negotiation. Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation or a process for setting those standards. Ethics proceed from particular philosophies, which purport to (a) define the nature of the world in which we live and (b) prescribe rules for living together. The authors present a model to help explain how a negotiator decides whether to employ one or more deceptive tactics. Intentions and motives for using deceptive tactics Consequences: 1. Impact of tactic: does it work? 2. Self-evaluation 3. Feedback and reaction from other negotiator, constituency and audiences Influence Situation Identification of range of influence tactics Selection and use of a deceptive tactic Explanation and Justification Deception and disguise may take several forms in negotiation as follows: misrepresentation of one’s position to another party, bluffing, falsification (introduction of factually erroneous information), deception (collection of true and/or untrue arguments that leads the other party to the wrong conclusion) and selective disclosure or misrepresentation to constituencies. The authors predicted that (1) when motivated to be competitive and when expecting the other to be competitive the negotiator would see the marginally ethical tactics as appropriate and (2) when both parties were competitively motivated they would exhibit the greatest tendency to employ marginally ethical tactics. From the negotiator’s perspective the primary motivation to use a deceptive tactic is to gain a temporary power advantage. Using these tactics then produces consequences: the tactic may work (produce desired results) or not work; people evaluate their own use of the tactics( asking themselves if they were satisfied with the results, and if using the tactic was personally acceptable) and people also may receive evaluative comments from the other negotiator from constituencies and from audiences. Those evaluative comments may serve to increase or decrease the use of similar tactics in the future. If using the tactic allows negotiators to attain rewarding outcomes that would be unavailable to them if they behaved ethically and if the unethical conduct is not punished by others the frequency of unethical conduct is likely to increase because the negotiator believes he or she can get away with it. Negotiators frequently overlook the fact that although unethical or expedient tactics may get them what they want in the short run these same tactics typically lead to diminished effectiveness in the long term. (Consequences of these tactics on the negotiator’s reputation and trustworthiness, other party retaliation and revenge) If negotiators think the other party is using deceptive tactics he/she can do the following acts: Ask probing questions and recognize the tactic. 9 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 8: Global negotiation In this chapter authors examined various aspects of a growing field of negotiation that explores the complexities of negotiating across borders. Negotiators from different cultures (countries) use different negotiation strategies and communication patterns when negotiating intra-culturally than when negotiating cross-culturally. Two overall contexts have an influence on cross border negotiations: the environmental context, includes forces in the environment that are beyond the control of either party but that influence the negotiations, and immediate context, includes factors over which the negotiators have influence and some measure of control. To know more cultures, Hofstede suggested that there are four important dimensions that can be used to describe cultural differences: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance. Foster suggests that culture can influence global negations in several ways, including: the definition of negotiation, the selection of negotiators, protocol, communication, time, risk propensity, groups versus individuals and the nature of agreements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to manage cultural differences when negotiating across borders. Weiss presented the options that people have when negotiating with someone from other culture. According to him, when choosing a strategy, negotiators should be aware of their own and the other party’s cultures in general, understand the specific factors in the current relationship, and predict or try to influence the other party’s approach. His suggested responsive strategies may be arranged into three groups, base on familiarity (low, moderate, high) that a negotiator has with the other party’s culture. Within each group there are some strategies that the negotiator may use individually (unilateral strategies) and others that involve the participation of the other party (joint strategies). Low familiarity ? Employ agents or advisors (unilateral Strategy) ? bring in a mediator ? Induce the other party to use your approach Moderate familiarity ? Adapt to the other party’s approach ? Coordinate adjustment High familiarity ? Embrace the other party’s approach ? Improvise an approach ? Effect symphony 10 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 9: Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Through any number of different avenues – breakdowns in communication, escalation of anger and mistrust, polarization of positions and refusal to compromise, the issuance of ultimatums or simply the inability to invent options that are satisfactory to both sides – negotiations often hit an impasse. Productive dialogue stops. The parties may continue talking but the communication is usually characterized by trying to sell or force one’s own position, talking about other’s unreasonable position and uncooperative behavior or both. This chapter reviewed actions that the parties can take to return to a productive dialogue. In general there are five major conflict reduction strategies that can be applied in contentious situations: 1. Reducing tension and managing the de-escalation of hostility (via methods such as tension release, acknowledgment of the other’s feelings (active listening), separating the parties, synchronized de-escalation) 2. Enhancing communication, particularly improving each party’s understanding of the other’s perspective (via methods such as role reversal or imaging) 3. Controlling the number and size of issues in the discussion ? Reduce the number of parties on each side ? control the number of substantive issues involved ? state issues in concrete terms rather than as general principles ? restrict the precedents involved, both procedural and substantive ? search for ways to fractionate the big issues ? depersonalize issues: separate them from the parties advocating them 4. Establishing a common ground on which the parties can find a basis for agreement (via methods such as determining super ordinate goals, clarifying common enemies, agreement on the rules and procedures) 5. Enhancing the desirability of the options and alternatives that each party presents to the other (give the other party a â€Å"yes-able† proposal, ask for a different decision, sweeten the offer rather than intensify the threat, use legitimacy or objective criteria to evaluate solutions) The order of above steps is the one most frequently used by third parties in resolving disputes and hence we believe it also will be the most effective if employed by negotiators themselves. If the conflict cannot be controlled effectively, third-party intervention may become necessary. 11 How to cite Esssential of Negotiation, Papers

Fundamental Part of Organizational Management

Question: Discuss about the Fundamental Part of Organizational Management. Answer: Introduction Strategic management involves the procedures of formulating and implementing the key goal, objectives as well as the initiatives taken by the business organization top management on behalf of all stakeholders, based on the consideration of key company resources and the assessment of internal and external environment which the company operates. Strategic management is one of the fundamental hard skill in business management, strategic management entails management of business organization and projects proactively with the main objectives of initiating long-term strategies. Inside the business environment comprises figuring the association which influences the accomplishment and approach of operation (David, 2013).. The external business environment has the control over the entryway and the threats that affect the business operation. It is important to ensure that, the internal business operations are strategically formulated and implemented, this ensures the strategic goals and object ives of the organization are achieved. Therefore, strategic management involves the procedure of analyzing the cross-functional business decision, which is reached by the management while they anticipate for better performance of the organization. Strategic management exhibits the role of management in an organization, whether they are eligible in delivering the best management services to shareholders of the company, it also necessitates the commitment of strategic planning which represents the organizational ability to set goals and objectives which define the direction for the company. About Nestle Company Nestle is a Swiss transnational food and drink company, with its headquarters is located at Vevey, Switzerland. The company is the largest food company in the world; this is by measure of its revenues and other metrics for 2014, 2015 and 2015 consecutively. It is also ranked number 72 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2014, Number 33 on Forbes Global 2000 list of largest public companies. Nestle products comprise baby food, breakfast cereals, coffee and tea, frozen food, pet foods among other products, the company brands have the annual sales which are estimated to be over $1.1 billion. Nestle company has 447 factories which operate in 190 countries, it employee more than 339, 000 people. The company is the main stakeholder of L'Oreal, which the world largest cosmetic company. Nestle origin is dated back to 1866 when two companies were founders the two companies latter formed the Nestle company. After the formation of Nestle Company, the management of the two organization combined their efforts and expanded the business activities of Nestle Company across Europe and United States. The company is focusing to be a leaders in food industry especially, health, nutrition, and wellness. Despite its success in food industry market, Nestle Company is still operating under some issues, which needs the company management to strategically implement on relevant parameters, the company needs to overcome these issues in order to achieve its goals and objectives. Nestle company vision is to Meet the Various needs and demands of consumers in their everyday live, this is by marketing and selling food products which are of high quality. The objectives of this are to ensure that, they deliver the very best quality products in every activity they do, especially from the primary produce, choices of suppliers and transport, to recipes and packaging materials. The company mission is to strive towards bringing consumers food products that are safe and contributes to health and wellness. Nestle Company aids to provide the selection for all individual in all ages groups in the market. Therefore, the main purpose of the company is to offer, safe, tasty as well as nutritious foods to improve health and well-being of consumers in the market. They tend to meet current and future demands from the consumers. The success of Nestle company is primarily based on the commitment of the management all the stakeholders. The primary objectives of the company are to provide to its customers variety of Nutritious products which have different test option, this will allow the consumers to choose the test they like. The long-term strategy and success of Nestle Company is due to the overall investment of scientific research which is done on specific nutrition aspects. Organizational structure The organizational structure is also called the organizational chart, it typically demonstrates the relationship between various individual in an organization, and it defines the relationship between managers, shareholders and employees. An organizational structure depends on the size of the company. Where when the chart grows to be large, it is splinted into smaller charts that will represent different departments within the business entity. Nestle company used relevant organizational structures which are defined to contributes toward achieving their missions. Nestles Corporation is decentralized organization that organizes its operations according to the matrix organizational structures. A matrix organizational structure is a structure which the reporting relationship between the employees and management are set up as a matrix form, employees have dual relationship especially to functional managers and the product manager. Nestle as a decentralized organizational structure that allows the subordinate to make decision and present the same decision to the management, other may have dual commitment with their management while they implement on decisional matters in an organization. Although the overall reportings are made to the top management, the daily operations of the organizations are left back to the employees, where the operation decisions are pushed down to subordinates. Nestle Company is categorized to belong to an organic organization type which is characterized as highly adaptive and flexible to both employees and management, and including the stakeholders. The employee within the company are not eligible to be given more rules and regulations or rather direct supervision from the management. In promoting the organic organizational system, the organization has been able to have highly skilled and trained professional which are encouraged to form teams within the company. Due to high level of influence from internal and external business environment, the employees form teams and group in order to solve specific issues affecting the company, for instance the scientific research in food industry. Therefore, teamwork in an important element and asset which us used by the company in striving towards achieving its strategic The corporate strategy of the company: For accomplishing the organizational mission, Nestl uses three strategies that allow the company to maintain a competitive advantage over its rivals. It includes operational pillars, growth drivers and competitive advantage (Nestle.com., 2017). Operational pillars: Innovation and renovation: As mentioned in the company website, Nestl concentrates upon innovation and renovation. The company has largely focused on product development and facility management with the help of innovation and renovation. With the industry leading research and development wing, the company supports constant innovation of the food and beverage portfolio. It helps the company to use effective processes and market attractive products (Nestle.com., 2017). Operational efficiency: the company opts for using the best raw materials, procedures and serves the highest quality and safest products to the consumers. Nestl Continuous Excellence is the organizational approach for supporting efficiency, eliminating wastage, and improving the quality of the product (Nestle.com., 2017). Whenever, wherever, however: for providing the best quality service the company opts for the most effective marketing mix, which includes the diverse product line of the company, the reasonable pricing strategy for the products, appropriate promotional strategies and the accessible distribution channel (Nestle.com., 2017). Growth drivers: Nutrition, Health, and Wellness: the company has the mission of offering the good quality products and thus, enhancing the quality of lives of the consumers and address the chronic medical condition through nutrition (Nestle.com., 2017). Emerging markets and popularity positioned products: the company has opted for positioning its popular products in the emerging markets for the low income customer base (Nestle.com., 2017). Out-of-home consumption: the company has opted for a smart strategy of Out-of-home by introducing products for leisure and others via kiosks, gourmet restaurants, institutional catering, schools and hospitals (Gassmann, Frankenberger Csik 2016). Premiumisation: the company understands the need of pleasure moments among the customers. Hence, Nestl has opted for Premiumisation strategy in which the company offers premium products of the highest quality in a bit extra payment (Laforet, 2015). Competitive advantage: Unmatched Product and Brand Portfolio: in the sector of nutrition, health and wellness, the company has the largest number of diversified product line in food and beverages. It serves a huge level of competitive advantage to the company (Gassmann, Frankenberger Csik, 2016). Unmatched Research and Development capability: with a mission of being the leader in nutrition, health and wellness, the company is constantly focusing on research and innovation in developing the product quality and organizational process (Nestle.com., 2017). Unmatched geographic presence: the company is operating in 194 countries with more than 447 factories, which serves as the competitive advantage and a proof of the customer preference for the brand (Nestle.com., 2017). People, culture, values and attitude: the company values its employee base and indentifies them as the pillar of success over 150 years. Hence, it has opted for a commendable HRM policy to motivate and retain the talents within the organization (Nestle.com., 2017). Issues facing Nestle Company It is on record by Forbes 400, there is no entity that works best faces no issues. Every entity works hard to fight its issues and one that does the same is Nestle Company. Nestle is adored by many in the globe and has been termed to be world leader in foodstuffs. Amidst all the popularity, Nestle faces a number of issues that will send one chilling. There are various issues facing Nestle (Hitt, 2017). The issues facing Nestle Company include; Climate change, child labor and raw material issues. Climate change Most of the products of Nestle come from Agricultural produce and climate change forms a strong contender issue to the firm. Climate change has un-presented effect on the companys supplies. According to Forbes 500, climate has been changing bringing out adverse effects to the company supplies. Child labor There has been a number of alleged use of cheap and child labor by the company. The company has faced many court cases as to child labor. This has affected right to center the companys turnover as they have had to hire legal minds to represent them in courts. The child labor has been reported in most of Nestle cocoa production. It has been an issue that have attracted international players of food stuff industries. In most regions that nestle company has planted cocoa the families are poor thus resulting school going children to seek employment in a bid to vent for their families. To this tame this issue, Nestle need to design supplier code and monitor most of her participants in the supply chain. In case there are no other workers and should they have to employ children, let the company come up with training programs about child labor and its consequences. Raw materials The issue surrounding this is high unexpected demand by her clients. In everyday the client list at Nestle grows without increase of raw materials. As earlier stated, climate change is one strong contributor of low levels of raw materials. Shifts of the climate have insignificant effects to the raw materials of the company. For instance, prolong drought have reduce the cocoa plant from reaching maturity on time. There are some natural disasters that negatively influence raw materials of the product. Floods, thunderstorms and storms have affected the availability of raw materials in a negatively manner. To curb the menace, Nestle Company management should come up with compound relationship with the rest material suppliers. In case to reduce bulk products at the store Nestle Company should sell most of the products on promotion. Last but not least, Nestle Company should design Dealer Management system that aids in inventory, sales, service and business management. Opting for online presence: Since a long age, the company is following the traditional placing strategy. The company has opted for the FMCG strategy of distribution which involves breaking the bulk policy. The typical distribution channel of the company product is as follows: In spite of having a strong and effective supply chain model, the over dependency on the physical distribution makes the company experience issues like lack of product availability in the market and increase in the price of the product. It is detrimental for the brand name of Nestl. Hence, the company can make the products available for the consumers with online channels. In the modern business environment, the usage of the online distribution channel helps the companies to directly interact to the customers, identify their needs and control the pricing. The company can opt for supplying the products like chocolates and refreshment beverages via online stores (Blackshaw, 2014). The company can also make the products available in the online retail apps like Amazon.com or the apps of the food retailers. It will help the company to make itself more available and approachable to the customers (Rezaeegiglo et al. 2014). Partnership or strategic alliance with the supplier organizations: As mentioned earlier, the company is facing the issue of low quality raw material and the lack of its availability. The previously discussed issue of environmental degradation can be cited as one of the major reasons for the lack of availability of the raw materials. Hence, it is important for the company to opt for a strategy that will ensure consistent supply of the raw agricultural products. Here, the company can opt for the strategy of creating alliance with big farming organization. The company can follow the strategy of investing into the company with the condition of using the Nestl stated regulations for farming. Here, the company needs to lay down own policies for farming which would support the strategy of organic agricultural practices. The partner farming organization needs to conform to the farming policies of Nestl and sell their product exclusively to them (Wolf, 2014). This strategy will be helpful for Nestl to promote its current corporate strategy of providing the best quality product to the employees and eliminate the present issues like lack of raw material and environmental challenges. For the implementation of this strategy, the company can use these organic raw materials for its premium product line in the initial stages. As the new strategy is likely to increase the cost of the company in the first place, the company can collect the profit from its premium product line by using the raw material in its production. Moreover, by promoting the usage of this organic farming strategy, the company can improve its brand image as an environment friendly organization (Payaud, 2014). Thus, by altering its strategy of supply chain management, Nestl can achieve a good level of market success in a sustainable way. Recommendations Be it internal or external every company have its own issues with Nestle Company included. You are only presented with change and acceptance of it makes the difference. The market is fierce when it comes to chocolate and Nestle should break into block chocolate and run on the platform as her competitor, Cadbury. Research done by the university of Chicago postulates current market share of Nestle chocolate to be 20.0% while that of Cadbury standing at 34.1%. Nestle should come up with plans and develop Block chocolate. Number two, Nestle motto for confectionary need to be enhanced. Good food good life slogan need to be re-modified, Nestle is a global company in food and beverage. In that case I would recommend Nestle have the good food good life for other sections of the company and try design something like Chocolate Champions or something Nestle would benefit at the end. In addition, media reports and detailed financial data indicates that Nestle spends huge amounts to advertise on annual basis. It is quite high as compared to her competitor. To respond to it, I do recommend Nestle to change her strategy and embark seriously on uplifting her old sellers and distribution joints across the entire globe. Nestle should shy away from introducing new product in the market and work hard to boost her immediate products by upgrading them. Conclusion Nestle is the world leader in food and beverage industry. It sells products of high quality with her revenue increasing on yearly basis. The achievements poised by Nestle is driven by good business management with good leadership that stand tall in realizing the core objective of the company. Operational managers are given mandate to liaise with local marketers and customers on the kind of products they need. The production manager on the same note ensures the customer needs are answered in the product. The product of the company is not a single job but collective efforts that are well-organized and portend realization of Nestle core objective. The report is a complete process adopted by Nestle and upgrade her business through product innovation. Reference Access Asia Limited. (2005). Hot drinks in China: A market analysis. Shanghai, China: Access Asia Ltd. Blackshaw, P. (2014). Digital transformation at Nestl: Playing to win. Journal of Brand Strategy, 3(1), 6-11. Chapter 2. Life-Cycle Analysis. (n.d.). Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Systems, 23-65. doi:10.1039/9781849732864-00023 Competitive Forces (Porter's Five Forces). (n.d.). Dictionary of Strategy: Strategic Management A-Z. doi:10.4135/9781452229805.n131 David,F.R. (2013). Strategic management concepts and cases: A competitive advantage approach. Boston: Pearson. Dobbs,M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates. Competitiveness Review, 24(1), 32-45. doi:10.1108/cr-06-2013-0059 Ferrell,O.C., Fraedrich,J., Ferrell,L. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. s.l.: Cengage learning. Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., Csik, M. (2016). Innovation Strategy: From new Products to Business Model Innovation. In Business Innovation: Das St. Galler Modell (pp. 81-104). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Grant,K., Hackney,R., Edgar,D. (2010). Strategic information systems management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Grant,R.M. (2013). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases. Chichester: Wiley. Grundy,T. (2006). Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter's five forces model. Strategic Change, 15(5), 213-229. doi:10.1002/jsc.764 Hitt,M.A. (2017). Strategic management: Competitiveness globalization: concepts and cases. New york: Cengage learning. Ikea Group SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis. (n.d.). In Ketchen,D.J., In Bergh,D.D. (2006). Research methodology in strategy and management: Volume 3. Jones, S. (2012). Strategic Management at Nestle. Krinke,S. (2011). Implementing Life Cycle Engineering Efficiently into Automotive Industry Processes. Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Management, 567-578. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1899-9_55 Laforet, S. (2015). Managing brand portfolios: audit of leading grocery supplier brands 2004 to 2012. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 23(1), 72-89. Lee,S. (2016). Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Business and Managment, Vol. 11 No. 7, 2016. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(7), 314. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v11n7p314 Mooradian,T.A., Matzler,K., Ring,L.J. (2012). Strategic marketing. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Nestle taking on the world. (2004). Strategic Direction, 20(7), 13-15. doi:10.1108/02580540410540778 Nestle (2011). The worlds leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company Annual Report 2011. Nestle (2012), Nestl Good Food, Good Life. Payaud, M. A. (2014). Marketing strategies at the bottom of the pyramid: Examples from Nestl, Danone, and Procter Gamble. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 33(2), 51-63. PESTLE Analysis of Nestle. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pestleanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-of-Nestle/ Pride,W.M., Hughes,R.J., Kapoor,J.R. (2015). Foundations of business. Retrieved September 17, 2012, from https://www.articlesbase.com/management-articles/strategic-management-at-nestle-5907881.html Retrieved September 18, 2012, from https://www.nestle.com Retrieved September 20, 2012, from https://www.nestle.com Rezaeegiglo, R., Sadouni, A., Aref, F., Khotbesara, P., Eslam, N. (2014). Review and Rating factors affecting the Deployment of (CRM) Customer Relationship Management at Nestle Company. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 539. Rothaermel,F.T. (2013). Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Scribd Inc. (2012). Competitive Advantage of Nestle. Retrieved September 19, 2012, from https://www.scribd.com/ Sica, Danielle. (n.d.). Nestle Corporation: a strategy capstone. (Nestle Corporation: a strategy capstone. Sood,A. (2010). GE/McKinsey Matrix. Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing. doi:10.1002/9781444316568.wiem05040 SWOT Analysis. (n.d.). Dictionary of Marketing Communications. doi:10.4135/9781452229669.n3585 Table 6.3 SWOT analysis of economic instruments for ICZM. (n.d.). doi:10.1787/888932376174 Trompenaars,A., Coebergh,P.H. (2015). 100+ management models: How to understand and apply the world's most powerful business tools. Wheelen,T.L., Hunger,D.L. (2007). Strategic management and business policy. Harlow: Prentice Hall. White,C. (2004). Nestle: the third place. Strategic Management, 766-772. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-55477-1_29 Wolf, J. (2014). The relationship between sustainable supply chain management, stakeholder pressure and corporate sustainability performance. Journal of business ethics, 119(3), 317-328.

Diocletian and Constantine Essay Example

Diocletian and Constantine Paper Around the year AD300, the Roman Empire was huge; it stretched from Northumberland to the Red Sea. However, the population was not evenly spread. There was a sign of decrease. There are many reasons for this: natural disasters (e. g. plague, famine). Civil wars broke out, barbarians were attacking, there was a constant need for money for imperial uses and the emperors were frequently changing. During these years, the two most important and successful emperors that attempted to solve these problems were Diocletian and Constantine. What was unusual about Diocletian was that he remained securely in power for 21 years. Diocletian s first move was to exalt the person of the emperor (himself), hoping that the throne would be safer. He wanted himself to be worshiped and praised like a god. He recruited barbarians into the army; this solved some of the problems caused by them. Diocletian was a very clever man, whenever he thought that there might be danger, not only from the barbarians but also from the discontented soldiers, he would move to another place where he thought it might be safe. Diocletian also decided that the empire was too big to be governed by one man. Therefore, he divided it into two. He appointed a fellow soldier to govern the western half while he took charge of the eastern. He then subdivided the parts for two assistants. During his throne, he also stabilised and fixed wages and kept prices steady. He called in worthless money and issued a new gold coin called an aureus. Although he was successful during his reign, but when he retired, the empire fell apart again because a civil war broke out. We will write a custom essay sample on Diocletian and Constantine specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Diocletian and Constantine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Diocletian and Constantine specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The civil war raged for 18 years, until one of the claimants, having destroyed his rivals and reunited the divided empire and ruled alone. He was Constantine. In AD 306, Constantine became the emperor of the Roman Empire. He had been aware if the problems caused by the Christians, and he knew that torturing and killing them won t solve the problem and would tare the emperor apart. So, one of the greatest things he did to stop the civil wars was to change Christianity from being a forbidden religion into an honoured and protected faith. He had also built walls and war gallery patrols to improve the defence. In AD 330, he found the new capital of the Roman emperor, Constantinople. It took around 5 years to build. What was really strange about Constantine is that he only got baptized when he was lying in bed dying in AD 337, he believed that it would wash off the sins and the bad things he had done. Although Constantine was more successful than Diocletian, but the peace only lasted for 50 years after he died. But they were both very successful in their lifetime.

To Kill A Mockingbird Theme essays

To Kill A Mockingbird Theme essays I find it very ironic how some people get away with actions that are wrong or different. Although times have changed and always will in the future, their are many situations that call for the rules or laws to be bent. Personally, I come across these situations daily and still say, Thats not fair! and Why do they get to get away with that? After thinking it over a while, I usually conclude that its probably for the better, even though others dont agree. Lees To Kill A Mockingbird also shows us some examples. At school, Scout and Miss Caroline meet Burris Ewell. Burris is obviously a troublemaker and causes Miss Caroline much distress. He ends up walking out of school on the first day. This did not alarm the most of the students because most of them knew about the Ewells situation. That night, Atticus explained to Scout that the Ewells had never done as honest days work. The truant officer said that after they were on roll the first day that she had done her job. Atticus said that its silly to force someone into a new environment and in this case, its better to bend the law. This idea of bending the law also applies to one of Boos situations. On Halloween night, a pageant was held instead of the usually festivities. Just about everyone in town was present, including Scout dressed as a ham. After the event was over, Atticus allowed Jem and Scout to walk home through the forest alone. As they were making their way through, they were attacked by a person who turned out to by Bob Ewell. He attacked both the children, knocking Jem out. Then suddenly, a dark mysterious figure appeared and started to struggle with Bob Ewell. It was later confirmed that this unknown figure was in fact Boo Radley. Boo ended up Ewell by stabbing him, and then carrying Jem home to bed. When the sheriff and Atticus performed a primary investiga...

How Content Marketing Can Build Your Personal Brand

How Content Marketing Can Build Your Personal Brand Its easy to think that content marketing is just for the big startups and web app companies, but the truth is, a huge part of the content marketing community is made up of  solo bloggers. They are writing in the niche they are passionate about, but they have a peculiar challenge that an agency or web app startup doesnt have: what are they selling? Solo bloggers are often selling their expertise, and building a platform to do it. Their name is their brand. They might rely on freelancing gigs, affiliate and ad revenue, or sales of services they can provide. Their blog provides the proof of their skills. They have no one but themselves to do all of the heavy lifting, whether that means getting their content out onto social media, taking photos, brainstorming blog post ideas, editing their own work, managing their website, and publishing. Lindsay Livingston is a great example of a solo blogger who is hard at work establishing a trusted platform and loyal fan base. Tell us about yourself, Lindsay. Im a Registered Dietitian from Columbus, OH. I work in nutrition communications and am the author behind the healthy living blog, The Lean Green Bean. My husband and I are expecting our first child in October and in my free time I enjoy doing Crossfit and spending time outdoors with our two dogs. When did you start content marketing? Ive been blogging for 4 years. I started because I was looking for a place to store all the recipes I was making for dinner. I started on Blogger and after about 6 months, I made the switch to WordPress. After about a year, I really started focusing on increasing my readership and growing the blog. Do you have a personal blog outside of your work blog? Im lucky that my personal blog has grown enough that its now part of my job as a self-employed RD! What tools and platforms do you use to help you with your content marketing and social media? Im self-hosted. Dreamhost is my host and I blog with WordPress. I use as my editorial calendar and also use it to schedule my blog posts and social media posts. I use Buffer and Hootsuite to schedule the tweets I create to share blog posts of others, news articles, etc. I use Pinterest to pin and promote my own content as well as building boards to gather recipes, tips/tricks etc for my followers to use. I have a blog Facebook page where I share my blog posts and Instagram photos. I use Instagram to share pictures of the food I eat, workouts and snapshots of life. I also use Google+. How big is your content marketing team? Just me! What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to content creation? The biggest challenge is finding time to do it all. There are so many social media platforms that its impossible to excel at all of them. Im working to figure out which are best for promoting my content and engaging my readers. What changes have you noticed in content marketing over the past year or so? Pinterest has exploded. It can be a huge traffic driver if you use it correctly. Instagram has also become really big as a way to market your content. I dont think either of these will go away anytime soon. Visual content is what people like and want more of. What are the most common mistakes you see people making when it comes to content marketing? Some people struggle to find a balance between self-promotion and promoting others. Its a delicate balance but Ive found that if you spread the love, the love comes back to you. People struggle to find a balance between self-promotion and promoting others. What were you hoping would happen once you began content marketing? I was hoping to drive more traffic to my blog. Yes it has happened, slowly. Now that Im more established, I can definitely see the general dips in traffic that bloggers experience across the board i.e. lower traffic in the summer, more in the fall and winter. It took several years to grow my audience to where it is now. Im still working on ways to capture the one-time visitors that come from sites like Pinterest and make them returning visitors.

Women's Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Rights - Assignment Example This trend varies in different societies and most commonly practiced in western countries. I would narrate the story about Mrs. Kate Williams who has three children of ages 5, 13, and 20. She is doing job as a General Manager in sales and marketing at a software house called as SOFTEC. She started job around 18 years ago as a trainee engineer in the same company. Ever since then, she never looked back and kept on climbing the stairs of success in job. The way she managed her responsibilities for her family as well as job sets the example for all women in the world. When Mrs. Kate Williams gave birth to her first child, her family was suffering from financial crisis. Her husband was doing a job as a clerk in a small firm and his income wasn’t enough to meet the expenses of the family. The brave lady started looking for jobs herself while motivating his husband also to switch to some better job. As her first child turned two, she got the job in SOFTEC with reasonable amount of salary. But the real problem with doing job was to manage time for her husband as well as her young kid who needed her love and affection desperately. She couldn’t leave her kid all alone at home while she is at job. So, parents hired a maid for taking care of the baby around the clock. Moreover, mother kept on asking about her baby off and on from the office. She could also see her baby remotely from video chat software that maid could operate easily. The problems don’t end with initial phases only. Mrs. Kate Williams had to spend more time as she grew in experience as more responsibilities were assigned to her. With pregnancy periods for other two children, she had to continue her work at home for three months that included answering calls of customers, and designing software for them from home. She also had to give time to her school going eldest child for training him in school education. Husband also needs the company of her wife as he returns

Final Paper Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Paper Topic - Essay Example With the growth of civil liberties, new situations and threats became flexible where poor preparations and public support declined. Many people believed that the aftermath of the Vietnam War had produced irresponsible and harsh civil liberties full of radicals, dissenters and foreigners. Therefore, the powerful orthodoxy and the military concluded that unrestrained press had undermined ability of Americans to fight in Vietnam. This led to exclusion of the press and civil liberties from the US invasion of Grenada in 1980s (Leone & Anrig, 45). In conclusion, it is evident that the violation of the freedom of the press and civil liberties in 1960s led to its restrictions. The press and civil liberties pursued their own preexisting agendas in the name of national security leadings to its restrictions. After the 1980s, there were exceptions of the war time infringements of civil liberties due to restrictions granted unto them by the Supreme