Morpheus Preview Edition :: essays research papers

Morpheus Preview Edition (421) Now....more than music: * Search for a wide range of media - nearly anything you can envision - music, photographs, reference records, reports, archives, home films, recordings and the sky is the limit from there * Communicate through talk rooms and message sheets * Share your preferred documents (if you don't mind ... approved material just, as expressed in our Policy Section) * Purchase MP3 sound rigging and the sky is the limit from there * Find the most recent news on computerized media in "What's New" The Morpheus(tm) Peer-to-Peer Application: quicker, better, more astute * Faster pursuits * Pure distributed system * Always Open associations with the Network * More synchronous clients for better query items * Self-sorting out - any blackouts at MusicCity will have no impact on the remainder of the Network * Fully encoded to secure protection, transmissions and unapproved interruptions * SmartStream(tm) consequently continues broken substance streams by finding another hotspot for a similar substance and checking the system until the mentioned content stream opens up * FastStream(tm) speeds up huge records through the concurrent exchange of substance from different sources * Digital Rights Management - the Morpheus application permits content suppliers to send any genuine outsider advanced rights the executives innovation to ensure the copyrights of their computerized content dispersed through the MusicCity organize. What is Morpheus? * A full-highlighted distributed document sharing application that permits clients to scan for all sorts of computerized media. * An immediate circulation device that permits content designers liberated access to shoppers and clients. * A ground-breaking web index where you can look on metadata, for example, media type, class, entertainer, item name and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Indexed lists are assembled so a similar record might be shown once. * Embedded Microsoft media player usefulness for sound and video playback.

God of carnage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Divine force of savagery - Essay Example They would have presumably never met one another if not their children. The thing is on November 3 Ferdinand struck Bruno in the face and took out two of his teeth. This was the motivation behind why the groups of Vallons and Reilles met soon thereafter at Vallons spot to settle the case in a socialized and strategic way. Be that as it may, bit by bit the discussion between guardians spun wild and they began inconsequential contention shouting and swearing at one another before the night's over. Alain is a wealthy legal advisor and Annette is a housewife who is dealing with the abundance of their family, as she herself describes herself. Michel is a below average discount seller and his significant other, Veronique is presently attempts to compose a book about Darfur, a war-ridden Sudanese territory, and works at a bookshop low maintenance. The way Michel portrays his occupation causes one to feel he is a washout, its never precisely been a bonanza (Reza 9). Alain envisions such a po rtrayal by asking Michel haughtily and without second thought on how fruitful he is, Cash in that, is there? (Reza 9). Alain himself is an effective legal counselor however, despite the fact that he acts haughtily, he is hush-hush and unobtrusive when being gotten some information about his calling. With regards to his occupation Alains answer is limited to a few words, A legal advisor, which just underlines his consciousness of being a wealthy and regarded man (Reza 6). Be that as it may, the main thing Alain appears to think about is his activity. Indeed, even Michel spouse cannot resist letting him know, I dont comprehend why you dont appear to think about this, when he doesnt take a functioning part in squabbling about his own child with her (Reza 20). Alains spouse, Annette, is a lady who effectively loses her temper and the easily overlooked details of life regularly make her discouraged. At the point when the discussion between the guardians ran wild and they neglected to dis cover shared conviction Annettes spouse said that he isn't

The All-American Canal and Its Effects on Illegal Immigration Essay Sample free essay sample

This paper investigates three open articles and one segment of 60 proceedingss that investigate the impacts of the All-American Canal and the on-going clash against illicit in-movement. The trench is possessed by the government specialists and worked by the Imperial Irrigation District ( IID ) . This paper will investigate the two sides of the ethical obligation and obligation of the specialists and the workers that endeavor to navigate the channel. Watchwords: Imperial Irrigation District. obligation Guarantee: â€Å"It is passable for the government specialists to let the suffocating expires of illicit migrants at the All-American Canal to go on in light of the fact that they aren’t required to flexibly life rescuing gear. Clarification of the claim:The All-American Canal is a water system that passes on the last dots of Colorado River H2O into the Imperial Valley in California. The waterway gives soaking up H2O to 9 metropoliss and inundates more than 500. 000 bequests. It was worked in the 1930’s by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and finished in 1942. We will compose a custom article test on The All-American Canal and Its Effects on Illegal Immigration Essay Sample or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It’s claimed by the government specialists and worked by the Imperial Irrigation District ( IID ) . Two tierces of our winter products of the soil are developed using this H2O. The trench makes occupations in the agribusiness business and half of the individuals who pick the harvests are unlawful outsiders who cross the waterway from Mexico. The activity is the waterway is 225 pess across and 20 pess profound with flows that can move an individual 8 pess per second one time in the H2O. Since the double fencings were introduced on the limit lines of San Diego. Ca. what's more, Mexico in 1997 limit line navigating at that spot has altogether diminished and as a result the waterway has become the new passage topographic point into the U. S. Since 1997 more than 850 individuals have died trying to navigate the waterway from Mexico. They are covered in a California desert in plain Gravess. Purposes behind the Claim:The trench is utilized for thermoelectric force and water system. non preoccupation or open utilization. The trench has been a basic start of H2O flexibly since 1942 and was neer expected as an intersection point for individuals. The individuals navigating the channel are making so at there ain peril and are intruding on the statute. There are marks posted at the channel notice of hazardous flows. Is the government specialists liable for securing individuals interfering with the statute? Providing rising out stepping stools and life lines would simply advance progressively unlawful in-movement. Life lines and rising out stepping stools would just elevate more individuals to cross unlawfully expanding the illicit in-movement work considerably more. Establishment of life rescuing hardware would be 1000000s of dollars and straight back up illegally crossing into the U. S. This would guide the inaccurate message to US residents and residents of Mexico. Itâ€℠¢s like expressing it’s okay to interfere with the law and we’re heading out to help all crooks do as such by adding flight gadgets to a channel non implied for universes. Reasons against the Claim: The harvests that the channel supplies H2O to be worked by 50 for each centum unlawful outsiders so it’s the central ground individuals traverse for business. The government specialists financed an endeavor to hold fish caught in the trench lifted over the hydroelectric dots. similar drops that the dead natural structures stream to. The double fencings that were introduced in San Diego were specialists subsidized. The channel can be made more secure by either put ining fencings or mount out stepping stools. Tonss of cash is being made off the work of similar individuals navigating the channels unlawfully. We spend a few million dollars every day in Iraq and Afghanistan to help individuals who don’t need us there in the main topographic point. The specialists has an ethical obligation to help regardless of whether an offense is being dedicated. On the off chance that we can help expresses everywhere throughout the universe surely we can enlarge a manus to a circumscribin g state each piece great. Choice: I feel the reason for the case are more grounded mainly in light of the fact that the U. S. is directly covering with a genuine unlawful in-movement work that’s affecting occupations. cultural security and the open help framework to call a couple. At the point when outsiders are happy to risk their lives to cross a water system channel with no wellbeing concerns now so if security steps are introduced it just builds the in-relocation work and debilitates our limit lines considerably more. Fringe control is a genuine activity that’s gained out of power that must be managed cruelly. Answers: The specialists is non liable for who husbandmans recruit to work their harvests. The solitary contribution the specialists has is to the husbandmans crops gaining H2O so they can deliver merchandise. The endeavor for the fish lift was affirmed in light of the fact that the fish showed up in the waterway obviously and so as to last should be lifted over the hydroelectric dabs. Not to bring down the significance of the individuals who kicked the bucket in the trench yet they were expired as of now. The double fencings were placed in topographic point to keep up unlawful migrants from crossing the limit line and to keep up drugs out of the U. S. By put ining rising out stepping stools and life lines in the trench that would simply counter the ground for seting up the double fencings all together. It would only accomplish more settlers to look for and navigate unlawfully. To back up this introducing would simply propel more crimes. The individuals who work these harvests are non compelled to make so ; they decide to increase a life for low rewards in light of the fact that it’s better than what they had. The general plan is to help the residents of Iraq and Afghanistan builds up a free and positive way of life without the danger of absolutism. There are some who fight US commitment yet they are not many. The greater part of the residents invites the conditions of NATO and supports our troop commitment. The specialists has and will proceed to help the individuals who come to America legitimately. It is non dependable or well-suited for death toll that happens by individuals who endeavor to come in the state unlawfully. Mexico is at last dependable to its kin and its specialists ought to be attempting to better the personal satisfaction for its residents. Notices All-American Canal. California-Mexico limit line Parts of the open circle content of this US specialists article have been fused into this article. Pelley. Scott ( May 2. 2010 ) . â€Å"The Deadly Passage of the All-American Canal† . an hour. hypertext move convention:/www. cbsnews. com/stories/2010/04/30/60minutes/main6448631. shtml? tag=currentVideoInfo ; segmentTitle. hypertext move convention:/books. rest. edu/html/biomems/jsavage. pdf John Lucian Savage Biography by Abel Wolman A ; W. H. Lyles. National Academy of Science. 1978. hypertext move convention:/www. saltonsea. ca. gov/about/about. htm Salton Sea Authority | the Sea’s Vital Statistics hypertext move convention:/www. saltonsea. ca. gov/about/legend. htm Salton Sea Authority | Myths and Realities Imperial Valley Press. July 16. 2007. â€Å"All American Canal †an hour Profile on ‘Most Dangerous Body of Water in US’ . National Ledger. May 3. 2010. hypertext move convention:/www. nationalledger. com/ledgerdc/article_272631594. shtml. Recovered May 5. 2010

The Effects of Rap Musice Have on American Culture Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Rap Musice Have on American Culture Essay Rap music has sexual substance imbedded in the verse that show our childhood undignified messages. At the point when young people are tuning in to the music, they are being acquainted with sex, medications and liquor. By and large rap music is the fault for the numerous issues that happen in family units. Particularly with young people who are presented to TV within their homes. They will in general watch music recordings that have a great deal of sexual substance that is being appeared for the youngsters to watch. The young people of America can be effectively impact by the exercises that rappers are seen doing in music recordings. They at that point rein act the things they see that are lorified by the rappers. This may cause issues later on throughout everyday life. â€Å"Many specialists have concurred that raps most noteworthy impacts are on kids where its impact can be especially solid n. d. www. newsnet. byu. edu/story†. Teenagers frequently tune in to rap music as an exit plan when they are experiencing individual issues now and again. This is particularly valid for teenagers that are from broken homes. These youngsters â€Å"live what they realize and realize what they live†, n. d. www. newsnet. byu. edu/story. Adolescents additionally admire rappers as good examples however I feel that there is an excessive amount of presentation to lead and interesting material being appeared. Rappers will in general wear a great deal of high design patterns and adornments in the music recordings. This is a huge impact that may make young people take things that they truly need however can't bear. It is additionally a substantial accentuation that impacts and makes our general public into a materialistic and shallow one. In spite of the fact that taking can be exceptionally enticing now and again when you see well known VIPs and rappers wearing stylish attire and shoes, taking can influence the whole rest of your life in the event that you get captured. It’s likewise hard for those aren’t as blessed to purchase decent things. Music empowers wrath and outrage towards one another that will cause silly conduct. Rappers have a method of communicating to their fans that it is alright to call ladies explicitly express names like† hoe†,† bitch†, â€Å"slut†, â€Å"tramp†, â€Å"whore†, and so on. I accept this is probably the greatest effect on youngsters. They grow up to imagine that it is alright or cool to be insolent towards ladies. This isn't alright and it isn't chill to put off ladies. Rap music powers young ladies to have low confidence truly and intellectually. Alongside low confidence, rappers have made young ladies feel an absence of self-resect and self-esteem. This circumstance is a hard one. I have seen seeing ladies attempting their hardest to meet everyone’s desires. It is enthusiastically attempting to feeling beautiful and attempting to look impeccable and flawless like video ladies that you see wearing barely any attire and indicating a great deal of skin in magazines and recordings. There are more ladies making a great deal of changes with their bodies through plastic medical procedure so they can find an occupation in the music business. For this situation I feel that they are disregarding themselves by permitting these music recordings to impact them and their self-perception. Ladies don’t perceive how it is influencing them the verses in rap music are critical. I don’t comprehend why a few ladies need to take an interest in the recordings when the music has offending comments toward them. Ice-T is an American rap craftsman that has a past with no-nonsense express verses. He is generally known for the dubious melody â€Å"Cop Killer† that appeared in 1990. The â€Å"Cop Killer† melody has been engaged with at any rate two shooting occurrences and has kindled racial pressures in urban areas the nation over. This melody was to educate cops that they are generally detested and should avoid their neighborhoods. This tune later started residents into a wrath that broke out in an uproar in South Central Los Angeles. There were attacks toward occurrence people which. 53 individuals kicked the bucket and thousands were injured, there where pillagers and arson’s that additionally happened. â€Å"Music has the force both to â€Å"soothe the savage beast† and to mix rough feelings in man. Ferrell; Jeff (1993) http://www. axt. organization. uk/HateMusic/Rappin. htm â€Å"African Americans is perhaps the greatest culture that have a huge impact more than some other culture in America. This has influenced the African American culture and the way of life of American culture from numerous points of view and transmits an inappropriate message to the adolescents of America. Rap music has made a ton of circumstances happen and it has made the crime percentage go up. All in all rap music has influenced American culture from numerous points of view. Much of the time rap music has advanced negative propensities. Toward youthful people and youthful grown-ups whether for the fortunate or unfortunate, rap music has influenced American culture truly. Hip bounce music is simply something that individuals will consistently legend adore. We simply need to comprehend that we can't change the way that young people are going to tuning in to the insubordinate messages and the injurious verses that are put out.

Impact of Wikileaks on the Global Political and Economic Landscape Essay Example for Free

Effect of Wikileaks on the Global Political and Economic Landscape Essay Presentation WikiLeaks site has changed the calling of news coverage in the United States and the media viewpoint with its stream in the data society. The site is a stage that exposes all the defilement exercises going on in the administration workplaces. Of the considerable number of media stages WikiLeaks is the most acclaimed for the news reports on political issues occurring in the states and around the world. Wilileaks has added to a few media clashes particularly between the United States and different countries and that is the reason the legislature doesn't bolster its exercises by any means. In my paper, I will investigate the different manners by which WikiLeaks has exposed a few lawbreaker and debasement exercises going on in the nation. Albeit a portion of its news are somewhat bargaining to the security and nobility of the country the stage has offered light to the individuals of the United States of America. Wikileaks is a non-gainful and non-business web stage that was presented in 2006 by Julia Assage. It depends on online gift for all its working and subsidizing. Its primary intention is to transfer records that help uncover the administration and corporate foundations to people in general. These archives are transferred secretly by utilizing an online accommodation structure. The significance of this stage is that it can possibly make known the size of fierceness and brutality particularly in the military government assistance. Political genuineness is a temperance that each U S lawmaker should practice and with the assistance of Wikileaks they have no alternative however watch it. At the end of the day, a columnist stage guard dog makes privileged insights straightforward to all and particularly those including general society. Most media association has attempted to see bunches like WikiLeaks in a few measurements with the majority of them thinking about its solid activities as one of the online activism and the effects of its activities. It is imperative to initially take note of the connection between the two gatherings, media and government. In many occurrences the media consistently is by all accounts clashing with the administration over issues in regards to the individuals. Stages like WikiLeaks are extraordinary risk to the state government particularly in issues of debasement and law (Shirky, 2011, p.41). Through their online activism, Anonymous and WikiLeaks bunches have their capacity to â€Å"unmask† power structures like the degenerate police divisions in the US, and all the Armison fierceness exercises. While WikiLeaks has picked up popularity as a whistle blowing site since its presentation in 2006, its notoriety expanded when it discharged the purported Iraq and Afghanistan war record in 2010. This report contained pivotal and significant data about the occasions that occurred and the individuals and countries liable for the war. The United States government was not content with the arrival of these archives as they presented extraordinary threat of fear assaults by either Iraq or Afghanistan. These two nations are known for their wild psychological warfare exercises and meddling with them would resemble inciting them. The arrival of these records achieved various inquiries concerning the lawful ramifications of news-casting opportunity with top government authorities asserting that an excess of opportunity will prompt abuse of data or confusion of some vital and touchy data (Springer, 2014, p.411).Actions of WikiLeaks have influenced the media stage in different solid manners. Any semblance of Tambini and Lynch have attempted to explore the ramifications of WikiLeaks work and the measures to direct the restriction of related destinations particularly in the UK and US. They contend that whistle blowing associations ought to be granted security under the law on their capacity to â€Å"self-regulate† and â€Å"develop† moral standards to administer their opportunity of production and choices they make on their work. The stage represents an extraordinary danger to the administration and lawmakers and there are fears that whenever permitted to proceed with its exercises it will make a great deal of mischief the U S government by uncovering touchy government insider facts to the world. Different countries likewise feel that WikiLeaks ought to be limited on certain productions since a portion of the data it uncovered may cause a ton of erosion particularly between countries. The progression of WikiLeaks since its foundation up to the production of the Iraq and Afghanistan report was set apart by a level of media interest, which made it increase a great deal of notoriety contrasted with other media stages. This represented an incredible risk to the media characters who felt that WikiLeaks was picking up popularity as time passes making their work hard to bid their crowd. Its turnaround second came in 2010 and proceeded to 2011 when the association created a great deal of materials and archives with respect to the Iraq war, the Collateral Murder Video and the strategic link. There have been a few endeavors by media associations to look down on the job of refers to like WikiLeaks and deny them the opportunity to post classified reports despite the fact that these endeavors have not succeeded on the grounds that the stage is under the media authority which ensures every one of its exercises. It additionally depicts itself as a guard dog for the individuals â€Å"we accept that it isn't just the individuals of the United States who should keep their legislature legitimate yet in addition individuals from other countries† and that is the reason different nations are likewise contradicting Wikileaks exercises. (Pozen, 2013, p.635). We can say that wikiLeaks has assumed an extraordinary job in guaranteeing that congress doesn't manhandle the forces conceded to it and its individuals. He makes data about associations that misuse powers conceded to them accessible to the general population thus they know about what their pioneers do this makes heads enthusiastic about what they do. Mysterious accommodation of investigated records about the different exercises going on in open workplaces and associations are introduced on the WikiLeaks site empowering a large number of watchers to know about what's going on behind the window ornaments of intensity. The distinction among WikiLeaks and different destinations like Wikipedia is that it connects for the most part in the political battles. The utilization of media has become a pattern in the United States making the last straightforward and uncovering the individuals who attempt to manhandle office powers conceded to them. Today we face a daily reality such that innovation is the fundamental viewpoint to forming the lives of numerous individuals. The web is presently being utilized as an eye of capacity to handle different parts of wrongdoings performed by pioneers particularly in underdeveloped nations (Coleman, 2014, p.406). In light of different parts of custom we can characterize power as the â€Å"disposition over the methods required to impact different procedures and choices in our day by day lives.† this implies the ability to control a few issues like political impacts and dispersion of assets can be circulated in a progressively precise manner. Vote based system is the best way to guarantee there is equivalent dispersion and exercise of both political and social forces. Associations like WikiLeaks exist since we live in a period where political and social forces are not practiced decently true to form. Any legislature that practices its forces true to form ought not have any stresses over associations set to check their exercises. They ought to rather be supporting such gatherings so they can show their great work on these destinations. The United States government exceptionally contradicts such associations like Wikileaks in light of the fact that they are anxious about the possibility that that their grimy materials will be presented to the general population. Examination shows that the most significant component of WikiLeaks is to make the Obama government practice straightforwardness in their works and workplaces, set up a progressively straightforward, and open government. The stage characterizes itself as a liberal venture that secures the privileges of the United States individuals particularly the right to speak freely of discourse since it fortifies vote based system by uncovering government defilement. He puts his accentuation on reporting government and corporate unreliability and maltreatment of forces. This shows the overall population that the degenerate government is the fundamental issue in the world’s economy and is hauling improvement behind. Rather than improving the job of their countries government officials are caught up with drawing in themselves stealing assets and assets intended to improve the advancement of their residents. There has been a developing body equipped at looking for a system to inspect crafted by WikiLeaks and its effect on the present circumstance in the U S. The across the board utilization of innovation has made his work an accomplishment in different manners and has carried an extraordinary effect on the world’s economy. Following the production of the Iraq reports the United States government vigorously scrutinized WikiLeaks work. The legislature guaranteed that these archives were an incredible danger to the security of their nation and could put the residents at an extremely high danger of dread assaults by the Afghanistan government (Springer, 2014, p.411). Reality with regards to the WikiLeaks records is that they got the potential and capacity to make obvious the measure of fierceness and viciousness particularly in military repulsiveness clashes during their exercises since some utilization a great deal of ruthlessness regarding their matters. The site is political based since a large portion of its news originate from the political field, albeit many view it as a danger to administering gatherings and they consider it to be an adversary. Rather condemning such refers to we should base our endeavors in observing the administration offered by our political pioneers. We ought to ask ourselves are our political pioneers satisfying every one of our needs and desires. Do they exploit the forces allowed to them to manhandle office? Truth be told, we ought to guarantee that we catch each movement they attempt so we can make certain of what they do with our cash. They ought to know that the general population is viewing all their ms

The Essential Guide to Freelance Ghostwriting

The Essential Guide to Freelance Ghostwriting Youve probably heard of the ghostwriting process, known people who have actually worked as ghostwriters, and read the work of a ghostwriter without even realizing it. Most aspects of this profession occur behind the scenes. So, what exactly is ghostwriting, and what does this process entail?What exactly is a ghostwriter?A ghostwriter is someone who is hired to write works of journalism or other literature, speeches, social media content, or other text that will be officially credited to someone else. Political leaders, celebrities, executives, and even some news representatives hire ghostwriters to create or rewrite memoirs, blogs, or newspaper and magazine articles. Ghostwriters also work in the music industry, creating musical works or lyrics, and in the movie industry, writing or improving scripts for screenplay authors. Even Mozart is known to have paid a ghostwriter to write music for wealthy patrons.Credit for ghostwritten works is not attributed to the ghostwriter. Usually, th e credited author and the ghostwriter both sign a contract including a confidentiality clause that requires the ghostwriter to be anonymous. The ghostwriter might be acknowledged as a researcher or a research assistant, but most of the time, the ghostwriter does not receive any public credit for his or her work.Timeline and feesGhostwriters complete their work over a period of time that ranges from months to a year, depending on the nature of the project, as they research, write, and edit both fiction and nonfiction works. Ghostwriting fees can be paid according to an agreed-upon rate per word, per page, or per project. A portion of the royalties from sales is also given to the ghostwriter after the work is published. Like any other freelance venture, Ghostwriters must keep detailed and accurate books if they expect to manage their businesses successfully.Roles and responsibilitiesThe degree and range of work a ghostwriter performs can vary. Sometimes a ghostwriter edits or rewrites sections of a rough draft or an unfinished piece of literature. In other cases, such as with an autobiography for a public figure, the ghostwriter performs a significant amount of research before creating the text from scratch. A popular fiction author may hire a ghostwriter to write books in the authors particular writing style in order to produce more books.The processWhen a ghostwriter is hired to write an autobiography, the credited author, his or her colleagues, and family members meet with the ghostwriter to discuss the potential content. The ghostwriter also finds interviews, articles, and video footage about the credited author or his or her work. In the case of nonfiction books or articles, a ghostwriter interviews the credited author and reviews past speeches, interviews, and other published articles about the credited author to accurately reflect his or her perspective and opinion within the text. Most of this work can be done via email, postal mail, phone call, and othe r modes of communication between the two parties.Types of ghostwritingSince the industries in which ghostwriters can work and the types of work they produce can vary widely, its pretty clear that ghostwriting can incorporate significantly different tasks. The following are the four main types of ghostwriting:Marketing letters from a company CEO These letters are sent from a company to business entities as a request to sell their product. If the letter is sent from the CEO, its probably a case of ghostwriting. Other sales correspondence with no apparent sender is usually not ghostwritten.Authors ideas in their own words In this case, authors pay a ghostwriter to flesh out their ideas and then turn them into a book or an article. The prep involves communication between the ghostwriter and the credited author, during which the former takes notes on the latters spoken word or sketched-out written notes and develops them into a book. The author might even send the ghostwriter a draft tha ts been mostly written already, and that just needs to be cleaned up through substantial editing or rewriting.Authors ideas in the ghostwriters words Authors might hire a ghostwriter to take a general outline theyve created, perform the research on the ideas, and then write a draft based on those ideas. In the end, the authors review the ghostwritten work and approve it for their use or make major changes to the draft according to their preferences.Ghostwriters ideas and words In this scenario, the ghostwriter must produce his/her own ideas, create an outline, perform the research, and write the content. The authors involvement here is only to approve the final work. An example of this type of service is a ghostwriter who has been hired to post to a celebritys Twitter account.Pros and Cons of GhostwritingGhostwriting offers some unique benefits and pitfalls. Here are a few benefits of working as a ghostwriter:Simply put, its easy money Freelance writers tend to turn to ghostwriting to ensure a relatively steady income after theyve left corporate life.Ghostwriting about a new field provides writers with an easy education Many people can become pseudo-experts in a certain field when they are mandated to research and write about it.Writing that goes public is always open for scrutiny and (heaven forbid!) criticism When your name isnt involved, it wont get dragged through the mud.But not all is roses and rainbows in the ghostwriting profession:You might get taken advantage of An inexperienced freelance writer can settle for a fee that is way below fair market value.Your clients might forget to refer you to colleagues Your name isnt attached to your work, so it cant help you to get new business. In ghostwriting, if you do good work, your client should ideally refer you to others. But your clients might not take this step, and theres nothing you can do about it, even if your work was awesome.Its a short-term game Theres a big market for ghostwriting. You can make go od money now, but your anonymity will prevent you from building your brand name and expertise in another field or for another business.Create and sign a contractDespite the disadvantages of devoting your life to a career in ghostwriting, there are a few actions you can take to protect your interests. Before you do any ghostwriting, you should come to an agreement with your client about the working conditions of the project and then put them into writing. Its a good idea to hire a lawyer to look over the contract before anyone signs it. The contract should specifically outline and describe the work youll be doing, your fee, when youll be paid (e.g., monthly, upon completion), and the project deadline. The contract should also include elements such as the following:Defined responsibilitiesHow will the labor be divided? Will your client give you an outline? Will he or she perform the research, or will you? When can you expect the necessary materials from the client? How does the client want to receive the completed text to review itâ€"in pieces or in one finished product?Liability terms.An indemnification clause defines who carries the burden should any lawsuits arise. Ghostwriters should be protected by this clause in case the client sends any plagiarized text to work with at the beginning of the project.Author creditDoes your service make you completely invisible and, therefore, uncredited (this is the most common scenario in ghostwriting)? Or will you be acknowledged as a co-author and featured on the cover of the book?Terms for terminationOutline what will happen if the author or ghostwriter wants out before the project is finished.Responsibility for expensesIf you need to purchase access to research materials or travel to communicate with your client in person, how will the bills be split?ConfidentialityMany clients will ask for a nondisclosure agreement. This clause will protect the clients materials and keep you liable if you decide to go rogue in your gho stwriting.Getting the job doneWhen youve established your contract, its time to get down to work. If youre working without an outline from your client, start there. Create your outline and get it approved. Then youre ready to start the research and writing process.CommunicationSome clients will go heavy on face time, while others will prefer to be contacted only when theres already some text to work with. The amount of communication you engage in depends also on the type of project youre doing and the personalities of the people involved. Some people never meet their clients in person, and communicate solely over the Internet. Several tools are available today to ease the process of having to be in two different places at once, such as Track Changes in Microsoft Word. By using this feature, a client can mark up any text he receives from his ghostwriter, enabling him to communicate his thoughts and feedback right next to the exact phrases and words of debate. Then, after transferring the file via email, all the feedback is delivered in one tidy package. This approach is best if your client is generally happy with your work and wants only minor changes. If your client is looking for more substantial edits, then a phone conference is probably best to go over the revisions he wants to have you incorporate.Work togetherFind a working style that both of you are comfortable with. If you are writing to reflect your clients voice and make it sound like she wrote it, youll need to get a feel for her writing style. That means you will need to read and hear that voice.Pay attention to the phrases your client uses often and the structure of her sentences. Does she use certain words more frequently than others? Does she use long, drawn-out sentences, or does she write in shorter, more abrupt phrases? Do her descriptions require a dictionary to understand, or are they relatively simple?Finishing the jobWhen youve finished ghostwriting the chapters of the book or the sections of the article, your client should approve your work. Once hes given the all clear, you will create a final draft of all parts of your work. After youve sent your master file to your client and hes sent your check, thats itâ€"youre done! He then goes on to play the role of the author, as per your agreement, and now youre ready to focus on your next ghostwriting project.

Murder Rate in Chicago Essay - 1375 Words

Murder Rate in Chicago (Essay Sample) Content: Murder Rate in ChicagoNameInstitution affiliationMurder Rate in ChicagoAbstractOver the previous decades, the United States has displayed an unexpected drop in crime. Chicago, while frequently depicted as a violent city, has displayed sustained drops in murder rates and ferocious crimes in general during the present days. By use of the annual crime information, this report concisely describes the homicide trends in Chicago from the year 1965 to the present days. Although Chicago has experienced a momentous decline in the homicide rates and the present day levels of murder crime are at their lowest levels, the number of homicide crimes are in fact comprised of the highest percentage of murders in the past twenty years. This report documents this historical trends and discusses future direction.IntroductionThe Chicago Police Departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s has been tracking crimes in Chicago since the commencement of the twentieth century. The records of these crimes are stored in databases that contain the murder cases that happened in Chicago. Each murder was labeled by where it occurred, the time it occurred, type of weapon used, the motive, victim and offender demographic information and the number of lawbreakers, among others. The databases are updated as the murders occur and if additional information pertaining a specific incident recorded. These Databases are used to examine the characteristics of murder trends in Chicago from their commencement to the present days. The purpose of this report was to examine the murder rates within a historical background so as to understand better the contemporary rates as well as the longer patterns.DiscussionChicago has seen a significant rise in violent crime since the late 1960s. Homicides in the city rose to a higher level in 1974, with a total of 970 cases of homicides when the overall population of the city was above three million, this signified a murder rate of 29 murders per 100,000 citizens. Additionally , in 1992, the murder rate was higher than that of 1974, with 943 homicides when Chicago had a population of less than 3 million, this signified a murder rate of 34 murders per 100,000 citizens. However, after the year 1992, murder counts reduced to 641 homicides. In 1999, Chicagoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s population was at 2,799,000, so the decline was sluggish, but still indicated progress. Moreover, in 2002, the homicide rate in Chicago were few but compared with Los Angeles or New York they were still high. Conferring to the 2005 murder report that was released by the Chicago Police Department, the homicide clearance percentage dropped to 60% in 2003 from 70% in 1991. Furthermore, during the summer months the rates of homicide are higher and over 70% of the homicides occur between 7PM and 5AM. Additionally, the proportion of the homicide offenders who were between 14 to 16 years have decreased to 6% in 2005 from a high of 15% in 1994 ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.08.006", "ISBN" : "0143-6228", "ISSN" : "01436228", "abstract" : "This paper studies the relationship between homicide rate and socioeconomic factors at community area level in Chicago from 1960 to 1995. Most of prior studies of social disorganization theory are based on cross-sectional spatial regression or longitudinal studies. This research integrates space and time in testing social disorganization theory. First, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) is used to examine dynamic spatial patterns of these indicators. This investigation justifies the estimation of homicide rates across community areas through panel-data models that extend to include spatial lag and spatial error autocorrelation. 2010 Elsevier Ltd.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Ye", "given" : "Xinyue", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Wu", "given" : "Ling", "non-drop ping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Applied Geography", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "page" : "800-807", "title" : "Analyzing the dynamics of homicide patterns in Chicago: ESDA and spatial panel approaches", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "31" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=bca2ef4c-8f31-4c8a-9c82-bd069b6a6918" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Ye Wu, 2011)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Ye Wu, 2011)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Ye Wu, 2011)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Ye Wu, 2011).Also, 60% of offenders and 40% of victims were between 17 and 25 years of age. Furthermore, 93% offenders and 85% victims were male, African American offenders and victims were 77.4% and 76% respectively, Hispanic victims were 18.3% and offenders were 17.3%, and the whit e victims and offenders were 5.6% and 5.3% respectively. The black homicide victimization rate was around 34 murders per 100,000 citizens; the white rate was at three murders per 100,000 citizens, and Hispanic was at the rate of 11 homicides per 100,000 citizens. In addition, 88% of the offenders and 75% of the fatalities had a past arrest history. For another thing, 11% of the victims due to the armed robbery were women, 50% of Native victims were women, and 7% of gang-related fatalities were women. The armed robbery fatalities proportion that were above the age of 45 years was 31% while 29% of the domestic related homicides were carried out by females. White robbery-murder offenders from the year 1991 to 2005 consisted of 4.3%, while the victims were 19.2%, whereas in 2005 the victims of gang-related homicides included 93% male, 3% white, 26% Hispanic, and 70% black. Additionally, the offenders included 99% male, 3% white, 20% Hispanic, and 76% African American. Domestic related h omicides victims comprised of 11% white, 10% Hispanic, and 79% African American, while the armed robbery homicide victims included 89% male, 19% white, 13% Hispanic, 68% African-American. Lastly, the offenders of armed robbery homicides comprised 93% male, 4% white, 9% Hispanic, and 87% African American. The homicide rates in Chicago differ widely dependent on the neighborhood. Numerous neighborhoods situated on the southern side are often filled with street gangs, less educated, poor and prevailed with African Americans. The neighborhoods of Englewood which is near to the southern side and Austin which is on the west side have murder rates that are ten times greater than other parts of Chicago. The violence present in these places has had a detrimental effect on the educational performance of teenagers in schools, along with an augmented liability for school districts that require psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors to assist the children to deal with the ferocity ADDIN C SL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1177/0734016808320693", "ISBN" : "0734016808", "ISSN" : "0734-0168", "abstract" : "Following the national pattern, homicide clearance rates in Chicago have continuously declined for several decades. This study focuses on the influence of changing characteristics of homicide events on the decline in homicide clearances. Most previous studies are not suitable to address the decline issue because of their methodological limitations. The decline is a longitudinal process and a cross-sectionally identified relationship could be a temporary association at a particular point in time. The current study investigates all the key relationships with two longitudinal methods: pooled cross-sectional time series and ARIMA and by con- trolling for community-level factors. The results show that homicides involving concomitant felony, Latino victims, strangers, and vehicle body location are significantly and consistently related to the decline, whereas other previously identified predictors do not remain significant over time. The current paper also explains how effects of homicide event variables can be translated into actions and help improve clearance outcome.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Yili Xu", "given" : "", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Criminal Justice Review", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2008" ] ] }, "page" : "453-479", "title" : "Characteristics of Homicide Events and the Decline in Homicide Clearance: A Longitudinal Approach to the Dynamic Relationship, Chicago 1966-1995", "type" : "article", "volume" : "33" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=4b992e4f-356d-4ad8-ad79-1fa97ef4baef" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Yili Xu, 2008)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Yili Xu, 2008)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Yili Xu, 2008)" }, "properties" : { "noteIn dex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Yili Xu, 2008).The homicide rate in Chicago has displayed a divergent downward trend in the current years. From the year 2000 to 2010, the sum of homicides in Chicago has declined to 436 from 631, this is so far the lowest rate for Chicago since the year 1965. From June 27th, 2011, the murder figures were at 159 in Chicago, if the number remains the same for the remaining months, it will translate to 318 homicides, and this will become the lowest number Chicago has seen in decades. Nevertheless, because the rate of violent crimes has been displayed to upsurge in the course of the summer, this might not be the situation. Ever since 2002, the rate has progressively declined, with exclusions to this being in the year 2006 which saw a 4% increase to 467 from 447, and in 2008 where a 15% increase was noticed, from 443 to 510. Captivatingly, this pattern ass...

The Unusual History of Microsoft Windows

On November 10, 1983, at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, Microsoft Corporation formally announced Microsoft Windows, a next-generation operating system that would provide a graphical user interface (GUI) and a multitasking environment for IBM computers. Introducing Interface Manager Microsoft promised that the new product would be on the shelf by April 1984. Windows might have been released under the original name of Interface Manager if marketing whiz, Rowland Hanson had not convinced Microsofts founder Bill Gates that Windows was the far better name. Did Windows Get Top View? That same November in 1983, Bill Gates showed a beta version of Windows to IBMs head honchos. Their response was lackluster probably because they were working on their own operating system called Top View. IBM did not give Microsoft the same encouragement for Windows that they gave the other operating system that Microsoft brokered to IBM. In 1981, MS-DOS became the highly successful operating system that came bundled with an IBM computer. Top View was released in February of 1985 as a DOS-based multitasking program manager without any GUI features. IBM promised that future versions of Top View would have a GUI. That promise was never kept, and the program was discontinued barely two years later. A Byte Out of Apple No doubt, Bill Gates realized how profitable a successful GUI for IBM computers would be. He had seen Apples Lisa computer and later the more successful Macintosh or Mac computer. Both Apple computers came with a stunning graphical user interface. Wimps Side Note: Early MS-DOS diehards liked to refer to MacOS (Macintosh operating system)as WIMP, an acronym for the Windows, Icons, Mice and Pointers interface. Competition As a new product, Microsoft Windows faced potential competition from IBMs own Top View, and others. VisiCorps short-lived VisiOn, released in October 1983, was the official first PC-based GUI. The second was GEM (Graphics Environment Manager), released by Digital Research in early 1985. Both GEM and VisiOn lacked support from the all-important third-party developers. Since, if nobody wanted to write software programs for an operating system, there would be no programs to use, and nobody would want to buy it. Microsoft finally shipped Windows 1.0 on November 20, 1985, almost two years past the initially promised release date.    Microsoft become the top software vendor in 1988 and never looked back - Microsoft Corporation    Apple Bytes Back Microsoft Windows version 1.0 was considered buggy, crude, and slow. This rough start was made worse by a threatened lawsuit from  Apple Computers. In September 1985, Apple lawyers warned  Bill Gates  that Windows 1.0 infringed on Apple  copyrights  and  patents, and that his corporation stoled Apples trade secrets. Microsoft Windows had similar drop-down menus, tiled windows and mouse support. Deal of the Century Bill Gates and his head counsel Bill Neukom, decided to make an offer to license features of Apples operating system. Apple agreed and a contract was drawn up. Heres the clincher: Microsoft wrote the  licensing  agreement to include use of Apple features in Microsoft Windows version 1.0 and all future Microsoft software programs. As it turned out, this move by  Bill Gates  was as brilliant as his decision to buy QDOS from Seattle Computer Products and his convincing IBM to let Microsoft keep the licensing rights to MS-DOS. (You can read all about those smooth moves in our feature on  MS-DOS.) Windows 1.0 floundered on the market until January 1987, when a Windows-compatible program called Aldus PageMaker 1.0 was released. PageMaker was the first WYSIWYG desktop-publishing program for the PC. Later that year, Microsoft released a Windows-compatible spreadsheet called Excel. Other popular and useful software like Microsoft Word and Corel Draw helped promote Windows, however, Microsoft realized that Windows needed further development. Microsoft Windows Version 2.0 On December 9, 1987, Microsoft released a much-improved Windows version 2.0 that made Windows based computers look more like a  Mac. Windows 2.0 had icons to represent programs and files, improved support for expanded-memory hardware and windows that could overlap. Apple Computer saw a resemblance and filed a 1988 lawsuit against Microsoft, alleging that they had broken the 1985 licensing agreement. Copy This Will You In their defense, Microsoft claimed that the licensing agreement actually gave them the rights to use Apple features. After a four-year court case, Microsoft won. Apple claimed that Microsoft had infringed on 170 of their copyrights. The courts said that the licensing agreement gave Microsoft the rights to use all but nine of the copyrights, and Microsoft later convinced the courts that the remaining copyrights should not be covered by copyright law. Bill Gates claimed that Apple had taken ideas from the graphical user interface developed by Xerox for Xeroxs Alto and Star computers. On June 1, 1993, Judge Vaughn R. Walker of the U.S. District Court of Northern California ruled in Microsofts favor in the Apple vs. Microsoft Hewlett-Packard copyright suit. The judge granted Microsofts and Hewlett-Packards motions to dismiss the last remaining copyright infringement claims against Microsoft Windows versions 2.03 and 3.0, as well as HP NewWave. What would have happened if Microsoft had lost the lawsuit? Microsoft Windows might never have become the dominant operating system that it is today. On May 22, 1990, the critically accepted Windows 3.0 was released. Windows 3.0 had an improved program manager and icon system, a new file manager, support for sixteen colors, and improved speed and reliability. Most important, Windows 3.0 gained widespread third-party support. Programmers started writing Windows-compatible software, giving end users a reason to buy Windows 3.0. Three million copies were sold the first year, and Windows finally came of age. On April 6, 1992, Windows 3.1 was released. Three million copies were sold in the first two months. TrueType scalable font support was added, along with multimedia capability, object linking and embedding (OLE), application reboot capability, and more. Windows 3.x became the number one operating system installed in PCs until 1997, when Windows 95 took over. Windows 95 On August 24, 1995, Windows 95 was released in a buying fever so great that even consumers without home computers bought copies of the program. Code-named Chicago, Windows 95 was considered very user-friendly. It included an integrated TCP/IP stack, dial-up networking, and long filename support. It was also the first version of Windows that did not require  MS-DOS  to be installed beforehand. Windows 98 On June 25, 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98. It was the last version of Windows based on the MS-DOS kernel. Windows 98 has Microsofts Internet browser Internet Explorer 4 built in and supported new input devices like USB. Windows 2000 Windows 2000 (released in 2000) was based on Microsofts NT technology. Microsoft now offered automatic software updates over the Internet for Windows starting with Windows 2000. Windows XP According to Microsoft, the XP in Windows XP stands for experience, symbolizing the innovative experiences that Windows can offer to personal computer users. Windows XP was released in October 2001 and offered better multi-media support and increased performance. Windows Vista Codenamed Longhorn in its development phase, Windows Vista is the latest edition of Windows.

The Hysteria Of Salem Witch Trials Essay - 1753 Words

In 1692, a town in Massachusetts by the name of Salem Village found itself in one of the most well-known cases of mass hysteria. This saga started with three girls Elizabeth Parris, Abigail Williams, and Ann Putnam a neighborhood friend. Abigail Williams, the niece of the town’s minister, began to display weird and questionable behavior. The town’s physician William Greggs, was called to determine the cause of this sporadic behavior. The town’s physician determine that the three girls were under â€Å"the Devil’s influence† and they had been bewitched. What started as a silly game between children, slowly brought the town of Salem to the edge of insanity. This insanity lead to the killing of 25 innocent people due to their crimes of witchcraft. When scholars look back at the Salem Witch Trials they often time ask the question â€Å"What were the key factors in the spread of hysteria throughout the town of Salem?† Most scholars contribute the widespread of hysteria to three important factors; these factors include social, political, and religious tension that occurred in Salem Village. Each one of these factors played a key role in the start of the Salem trials and why it spread so rapidly throughout Salem Village. When discussing the economic conditions that lead to the events in Salem, there are usually two theories that historians use; These two theories are the economic disparity between Salem Village and Salem town, and a period known as the â€Å"little ice age†. In the book â€Å"JournalShow MoreRelatedThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1463 Words   |  6 PagesAmong these issues, is the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials that prosecuted women to be found worshippers of the devil. The Puritans found the necessity to exercise this crusade in order to stay by their moral codes of conformity which included witchcraft to be the greatest crime, punishable by death. However, the true reasons of the trials was not to simply follow their religious constitutions. It is mainly in part from corruption of religion and how some had used the trials as a form of personalRead MoreSalem Witch Hysteria And Trials1620 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Hysteria and Trials Joshua Furman History 121: Early America to the Civil War Dr. Phillip Hamilton November 18, 2015  The Salem Witch Trial consisted of heinous accusations implicated by Cotton Mather which effected society as a hole and gave reasoning to the numerous amount of witch stories we hear today. Cotton Mather was the eldest son of Increase Mather, Massachusetts most influential and well known Puritan minister, and the grandson of John Cotton, Salem’s spiritualRead MoreSalem Witch Trials : The Witch Trial Hysteria920 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Witch Trial Hysteria In 1692 the actions of three girls quickly launched Salem onto the path of committing one of the largest witch hunts the New World has ever known. The witch hunt was fueled by a mass hysteria among the townspeople, this hysteria was the result of the strictness of their society and a number of internal and external stressors. The initial wave of panic when rumors of witchcraft arose gave way to compete hysteria when accusations began. Salem massachusetts was the perfectRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria1196 Words   |  5 PagesXochitl Neri Erick Felix In 1692-1693, the Salem Witch Trial Hysteria occurred, resulting in 20 deaths out of the 200 accused of practicing the Devil’s magic, a practice that women were commonly accused of. Salem, Massachusetts, was a colony that consisted of Puritans, both Separatists and non Separatists alike. From the start, the Puritans believed that the Bible was true in all aspects: every word, every idea, every thought--was true. The Puritans also had minimal understanding of science, whichRead MoreThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1366 Words   |  6 PagesWalter Kirn, an American novelist and literary critic, stated that ‘‘Everyone loves a witch hunt as long as it’s someone else’s witch being hunted.’’ (Web. Walter Kirn Quote) Although the Salem Witch Trials took place over 300 years ago, in 1692, and we claim that we have come a long way since then, the truth is we have not. The hysteria that took place during the witch trials occurred because peo ple refused to take responsibility for their actions. The same thing is happening in modern day AmericaRead MoreThe Hysteria Of Salem Witch Trials871 Words   |  4 Pageswhat caused the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. This is a question that has been debated about for centuries. Some think that witchcraft was very much alive in Salem although others believe that the first girls who were accusing the witches were crazy and making up stories. In this paper I am going to prove to you my point which is: the hysteria about the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 was due to a small lie or prank that went bad. The girls who started the Salem Witch Trials were just crazyRead MoreSalem Witch Trial Hysteria Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty people were put to death for witchcraft in Salem during the 1692 Salem Witch Trial Hysteria. In The Crucible, a woman, Elizabeth Proctor, gets accused of witchcraft by a young girl by the name Abigail Williams, who just so happens to be having an affair with Elizabeth’s husband, John. Once John finds out Abigail accused his wife, he starts trying to find proof that all of these young girls are pretending that they are being hurt by these older women, just so that they will be hanged. The officialsRead MoreThe Mass Hysteria Of Salem Witch Trials Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesMassachusetts community called Salem. It ended less than a year later, but not before the hanging of 20 men and women, including an elderly man who was crushed to death. The hysteria spread quickly, involving the most educated men and prominent politicians in Salem. Aside from suffrage, the Salem witch trials represent the only moment when women played a central role in American history. There are many theories as to what caused the mass hysteria of the Salem witch trials and the bewitchment of severalRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria Of 1692879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trial hysteria of 1692 caused 20 people to be hung or p ressed to death and 4 perished in jail. In addition, 200 people in Salem were accused of being witches. On June 10 of 1692, Bridget Bishop was charged with practicing witchcraft and she was also accused of bewitching her husband to death. The result of her not confessing was that she was hung to her death. All of this frenzy started in the house of Samuel Parris. His daughters were consumed by the bizarre tales told by their IndianRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : An Outbreak Of Hysteria1794 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1692, Salem village in Massachusetts saw an outbreak of hysteria, most commonly known today as the Salem witch trials. Over a period of several months, more than 200 people found themselves facing suspicions from those around them of witchcraft, with 19 executed, 14 arrested and many others who pleaded guilty pardoned but made social outcasts. Typically, the majority of those living in Salem were Puritans, who regarded all other activity excluding common Puritan practice as sinful distractions

Distinctivly Visual Douglas Stewart Essay - 1196 Words

Composers use distinctively visual images to convey distinctive experiences within our lives, such as feelings we have felt, places we have been and images we have seen. This then helps emphasise the different purposes distinctively visual images can create. This is exemplified through Douglas Stewart’s poems â€Å"Wombat†, â€Å"The Snow-Gum† and â€Å"Fireflies† as well as Frederick Mccubbin’s painting â€Å"Down On His Luck†. Stewart conveys his experiences of Feelings towards nature, as well as his past situations in relation to nature. This is demonstrated through the use of various techniques, such as personification, similes’, imagery and contrasts. Mccubbin, however uses visual techniques such as vector lines, colour and salience. Ultimately, both†¦show more content†¦To evoke this distinct image Mccubbin uses visual techniques such as vector lines. For example, the tree branch working as a vector line carrying your eyes away from the man and onto the Australian scenery. By having this link between man and nature it is clear that Mccubbin wanted to express the idea of nature working with man. Mccubin also uses various painting techniques such as brush styles to give the illusion of depth within the Australian outback. This contrasts against the distinct man and plants at the centre of the painting and helps the viewer’s eyes to move through the painting. The use of this compari son helps the viewer understand that even though nature is far bigger than man, man can still rely on nature as a home. This distinctive image of the bush being far bigger than the man helps portray the purpose of nature being a sharable place for humans. Through the use of distinctive images nature can be compared as having human qualities. This is evident through Stewart’s poem â€Å"The Snow-Gum†. Stewart wrote this poem about a tree he had seen which had a spiritual feel to it. Stewart expresses nature being given human qualities through the technique Anthropomorphism. In the poem, Stewart feels an association with himself and also a connection to the royalty of the tree. Anthropomorphism is used as Stewart interoperates the tree to be human-like as it has a â€Å"Crown†. The â€Å"Curve† of the tree

Does attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice...

Does the attachment theory provide a sound basis for advice on how to bring up children? To answer this question for advice to parents I will explore some of the details of the attachment theory showing, 1) earlier studies and more up to date criticisms, 2) how it proposes family members and day care can affect a child’s upbringing. Attachment is the bond that develops between caregiver and infant when it is about eight or nine months old, providing the child with emotional security. Meshing commences from when the child is being fed, onto taking part in pseudo-dialogue and then following on to the child taking part in a more active role of proto dialogue, illustrated by Kaye (1982), other concepts such as scaffolding and†¦show more content†¦Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory (1951,1953)was enthused by the Konrad Lorenz’s(1966 ) imprinting study on young animals. He believed that like imprininting one permanent figure should be the caregiver and children deprived of those maternal links could be disastrous to the child’s mental health and could lead to delinquency. His views on long term institutional care were that if a child was fostered before the age of 2yrs and six months it may not be delayed in emotional, social and cognitive development but some of his studies show that there have been various forms of parting in youths with severe behavioural problems Attachment behaviour according to Mary Ainsworth (1985; Ainsworth and Bell, 1974; Ainsworth et al., 1978) forms the groundings for all potential associations and this develops up to two years after the child is born. She also harmonized with Bowlby on the view that the attachment bonding occurred within the age of two years old. Approximately when the child is seven months old they become wary of strangers and unknown surroundings. This continue until the child is about two years old. The procedure Ainsworth (1969) investigated to measure if a child was securely or insecurely attached was the ‘strange situation paradigm’. This entailed a sequence of short partings and reunions. The child’s parent and a stranger took part in theShow MoreRelatedCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesthat you can download or listen to online †¢ Video cases that show real managers talking about their own organisations †¢ Revision flashcards to help you prepare for your exa ms †¢ A multi-lingual online glossary to help explain key concepts †¢ Guidance on how to analyse a case study †¢ Links to relevant sites on the web so you can explore more about the organisations featured in the case studies †¢ Classic cases – over 30 case studies from previous editions of the book †¢ The Strategy Experience simulationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesan OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise WorkforceRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstudies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing ‘solutions’ to some of the problemsRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesarena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes, and based on your favorable comments about recent editions, I have again included some well-known successes. While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. WeRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesleft blank PREFACE Today’s private and public organizations are increasingly dependent on information technologies for achieving their strategic and operational objectives. Over the past decade alone, enterprise systems have been expanded to provide secure, electronic linkages with suppliers and customers, and the Internet has become a mainstream channel for communications and business transactions. As a result, decision making about information technology resources has also become even more

Esssential of Negotiation Free Essays

string(108) " or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which \(compromising\) the dispute occurs\." Helsinki School of Economics Advanced Negotiation Practices Course Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Lewicki, Roy J. , David M. Saunders, and John W. We will write a custom essay sample on Esssential of Negotiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Minton. 2001. Essentials of Negotiation: 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Reviewed by Mohammad Moshtari February 2008 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Book Introduction This book represents authors’ response to faculty who wanted a briefer version of the longer text, Negotiation. The objective of this shorter volume is to provide the reader with the core concepts negotiation in a more succinct version. The book is organized into 9 chapters. The first four chapters introduce the reader to ? Negotiation Fundamentals?. The first chapter introduces the field of negotiation and conflict management, describes the basic problem of interdependence with other people, and briefly explores the problems of managing that interdependence. The second chapter introduces the concept of ? framing? or how parties come to decide what a negotiation is all about, and how parties need to plan for an upcoming negotiation. Chapter 3 and 4 then present the two core approaches to negotiations: the basic dynamics of competitive (win-loss) bargaining (chapter 3) and the basic dynamics of integrative (win-win) negotiation (chapter 4). The next two chapters present two key sub processes of negotiation: cognition and communication, and power and persuasion. In chapter 5, basic processes of cognition and communication in negotiation is reviewed, especially communication dynamics is examined as well as a number of common cognition and judgment biases made by negotiators. In chapter 6, authors looked at the tools negotiators can use to pressure the other side, using the tools of persuasion and power to get the other to change his or her perspective or give in to our arguments. The next two chapters review two key context elements of negotiation. In chapter 7, authors examined the ethical context and standards that surround negotiation and create unique challenges for negotiators in deciding how fully and completely they are going to disclose their bargaining positions. In chapter 8, authors attempted to clarify how national cultures around the world shape the diverse ways parties approach negotiations. The last chapter emphasizes strategies that can be used by the parties to resolve breakdowns in the negotiation process. Chapter 9 explores the techniques that negotiators can use on their own to get negotiations back on track. Authors made some of related materials (secondary chapters) accessible on the World Wide Web (at www. mhhe. com/business/managment/lewicki) including social context of negotiation, multiparty negotiations or managing difficult negotiations: theirs party approaches. The organization of the book also parallels more closely the organization of a companion volume, Negotiation: Readings, Exercises and Cases by Roy J. Lewicki. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. Contents in Brief ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The nature of negotiation Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation Communication, perception and cognitive biases Finding and using negotiation leverage Ethics in negotiation Global negotiation Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 1: The nature of negotiation The structure and processes of negotiation are fundamentally the same at personal level as they are at the diplomatic and corporate level. Negotiations occur for two reasons: (1) to create something new that neither party could do on his or her own, (2) to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties. There are sev eral characteristics common to all negotiation situations: (1) there are two or ore parties, (2) there is a conflict of interest between them, (3) The parties negotiate duo to get a better deal (4) the parties, at least for a moment prefer to search for agreement, (5) when they negotiate they expect to give and take, (6) successful negotiation involves the management of intangibles (such as need to look good) as well as resolving the tangibles (such as the terms of agreement) In negotiations both parties need each other. This situation of mutual dependency is called interdependence. Interdependent relationships are characterized by interlocking goals; the parties need each other to accomplish their goals. The structure of the interdependence (wind-lose or win-win), determines the range of possible outcomes of the negotiation and suggests the appropriate strategies and tactics that the negotiators should use. Interdependent relationships are complex. Both parties know that they can influence the other’s outcomes and their outcomes in turn be influenced by the other. This mutual adjustment continues throughout the negotiation as both parties act to influence the other. Making and interpreting concessions is no easy work, especially when there is little trust between negotiations. The search for an optimal solution through the processes of giving information and making concessions is greatly aided by trust and a belief that you are being treated honesty and fairly. Two efforts in negotiation help to create such trust and belief: perceptions of outcomes that attempts to change a party’s estimation of the perceived importance of something and perception of the process may help convey images of equity, fairness and reciprocity in proposals and concessions. One potential consequence of interdependent relationship is conflict that can be duo to the highly divergent needs of the two parties, a misunderstanding that occurs between two people, or some other intangible factors. One way to classify conflicts is by level, and four levels of conflicts are commonly identified: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intra-group conflict, inter-group conflict. Conflict may be destructive or productive, so the objective is not to eliminate conflict but to learn how to manage it so that the destructive elements are controlled while the productive aspects are enjoyed. Negotiation is a strategy for productively managing conflict. Many approaches to managing conflict have been suggested. The below two dimensional framework is represented as the dual concerns model. The model postulates that individuals in conflict have two independent levels of concern: concern about their own outcomes and concern about the other’s outcomes. As mentioned in the figure, there are five major Problem Yielding strategies for conflict management. Each strategy has its Solving advantages and disadvantages and is more or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which (compromising) the dispute occurs. You read "Esssential of Negotiation" in category "Papers" Thus, conflict theory and research have moved toward a contingency approach advocating that the Inaction Contending strategy selected should be based on the objectives of the parties and the nature of their dispute. Two major mechanisms for resolving conflicts-third parties and Concern about own outcomes conflict management systems- extend above and beyond the strategies of the parties themselves. Concern about others’ utcomes 3 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 2: Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning In this chapter, authors discuss what negotiators should do before sitting down at the table: framing, strategizing, and planning. Framing is the means by which the parties in a negotiation define the problem. They mention that there are three ways to understand frames: as cognitive heuristics, at categories of experience, and as a process of issue development. In continuation, they try to introduce the negotiator to the power and prevalence of frames via: different types of frames, how certain frames may be invoked or ignored in a given situation, the consequences of framing a conflict in a particular way and the approaches that negotiators can use to manage frames more effectively. Understanding frames- which means understanding how parties define the key issues and how conversations can shift and transform those issues- is the first step in effective planning. After framing, negotiators must anticipate what they want to achieve in a negotiation and must prepare for these events in advance. The preparation must include attention to substantive items including goals, goal priorities, and multi-goal packages as well as procedural concerns dealing with agendas and bargaining histories. the choice of goals and frames are strongly interactive and the existence of one will rapidly produce evidence of other. Afterwards negotiators move to the third element in the sequence: selecting and developing a strategy. According to below suggested model, negotiators have some choices of a negotiation that is reflected in the answers to two simple questions: how much concern does the actor have for achieving the substantive outcomes at stake in this Substantive outcome important? negotiation and how much concern does the Yes No negotiator have for the current and future quality of relationship with the other party. Yes Collaboration Accommodation In the last part of chapter, authors explain the importance of planning. hile success in negotiation is affected by how one plays the game, the most important step for success is No Competition Avoidance how to one gets ready for the game. effective planning also hard work on a number of specific steps: ? Defining issues ? Assembling issues and defining the bargaining mix ? Defining interests ? Consulting with others ? Identifying limits ? Setting targets ? Developing supporting arguments ? Analyzing the other party Frames, goals, strategies and stages set the background for an effective planning process. If the negotiator is able to consider and evaluate each of these factors, the negotiator will know what he or she wants and will have a clear sense of direction on how to proceed. The sense of direction, and the confidence derived from it will be the single most important factor in achieving a desired negotiation outcome. Rational choice important 4 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 3: Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation In a distributive bargaining situation, the goals of one party are usually in fundamental and direct conflict with the goals of the other party. Resources are fixed and each party will use a set of strategies to maximize their share of resources to be obtained. While distributive strategies are useful, they can also be counterproductive and costly. Often they cause the negotiating parties to focus so much on their differences that they ignore what they have in common. These negative effects notwithstanding, distributive bargaining strategies are quite useful when a negotiator wants to maximize the value obtained in a single deal and when the relationship with the other party is not important. Both parties to a negotiation should establish their starting, target and resistance points before beginning a negotiation. Starting points are usually in the opening statements each party makes. The target point is usually learned or inferred as negotiations get under way. The resistance point, the point beyond which a person will not go and would rather break off negotiations. The spread between the resistance points, called bargaining range, settlement range or zone of potential agreement, is particularly important. In this area the actual bargaining takes place, for anything outside these point will be summarily rejected by one of the two negotiators. It is rare that a negotiation includes only one item; more typically there is a set of items, referred to as a bargaining mix. Each item in a bargaining mix can have opening, target and resistance points. The bargaining mix may provide opportunities for bundling issues together, logrolling or displaying mutually concessionary behavior. Negotiators by employing strategies attempt to influence each other perceptions of what is possible through the exchange of information and persuasion. Regardless of the general strategy taken, two tasks are important in all distributive bargaining situations: discovering the other party’s resistance point and influencing the other party’s resistance point. The negotiator’s basic goal is to reach a final settlement as close to the other party’s resistance point as possible. Four tactical tasks are suggested for a negotiator in a distributive bargaining: (1) to asses the other party’s outcome values and the costs of terminating negotiations, (2) to manage the other party’s impressions of the negotiator’s outcome values, (3) to modify the other party’s perception of his or her own outcome values, and (4) to manipulate the actual costs of delaying or aborting negotiations. The other decision to be made at the outset of distributive bargaining concerns the stance to adopt during negotiations. A reasonable bargaining position is usually coupled with a friendly stance and an extreme position is usually couple ith a tougher, more competitive stance. A key concept in creating a bargaining position is that of commitment. The purpose of a commitment is to remove ambiguity about the actor’s intended course of action. There are several ways to create a commitment: public pronouncement, link with an outside ally, increase the promi nence of demands, reinforce the treat or promise. There are a set of hardball tactics to beat the other party. Such tactics are designed to pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do, and their presence usually disguises the user’s adherence to a decidedly distributive bargaining approach. Some of them are: good guy/bad guy, highball/lowball, bogey, the nibble, chicken, intimidation, aggressive behavior, snow job. The authors suggested three ways for responding to typical hardball tactics, including ignore them, discuss them and respond in kind. 5 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 4: Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation In many negotiations there need not be winners and losers; all parties can be winner. In integrative negotiation- variously known as cooperative, collaborative, win-win, or problem solving- the goals of the parties are not mutually exclusive. The fundamental structure of an integrative negotiation situation is such that it allows both sides to achieve their objectives. Integrative negotiation requires a process fundamentally different from that of distributive negotiation. Those wishing to achieve integrative results find that they must manage both the context and the process of the negotiation in order to gain the willing cooperation and commitment of all parties. The following processes tend to be central to achieving almost all integrative agreements: ? creating a free flow of information ? ttempting to understand the other negotiator’s real needs and objectives ? emphasizing the commonalities between the parties and minimizing the difference ? searching for solutions that meet the goals and objectives of both sides There are four major steps in the integrative negotiation process: 1. Identifying and defining the problem, ? define the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides ? keep the problem statement clean and simple ? state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal ? epersonalize the problem ? separate the problem definition from the search for solution 2. understanding the problem and bringing interests and needs to the surface (focusing on interests will allow the parties to move beyond opening positions and demands to determine what the parties really want, what needs truly must be satisfied) 3. generating alternative solutions to the problem (tactics such as expand the pie, logroll, nonspecific compensation, cut the costs for compliance, find a bridge solution 4. Evaluating those alternatives and selecting among them ? narrow the range of solution options ? agree to the criteria in advance of evaluating options ? evaluate solutions on the basis of quality and acceptability ? be willing to justify personal preferences ? be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options ? use subgroups to evaluate complex issues ? take time out to cool off ? explore different ways to logroll ? keep decisions tentative and conditional until all aspects of the final proposals are complete ? inimize formality and record keeping until final agreements are closed Authors identified seven fundamental preconditions for successful integrative negotiation: some form of shared or common goal, faith in one’s own ability to solve problems, a belief in the validity and importance of the other’s position, the motivation and commitment to work together, trust in the opposing negotiator, the ability to accurately exchange information in spite of confl ict conditions, and an understanding of how the process works. 6 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 5: Communication, perception and cognitive biases Communication is at the heart of the negotiating process. This chapter focuses on the processes by which negotiators communicate their own interests, positions, and goals and in turn make sense of those of the other party and of the negotiation as a whole. Weather the intent is to command and compel, sell, persuade or gain commitment, how parties communicate in negotiation would seem to depend on the ability of the speaker to encode the thoughts properly as well as on the ability of the listener to understand and decode the intended messages. There are two critical sub-processes of communication: perception and cognition. ? Perception is defined as the process of screening, selecting and interpreting stimuli so that they have meaning to the individual. The complexity of environments makes it impossible to process all of the available information, so perception becomes selective, focusing on some stimuli while turning out others. As a result people have several shortcuts in their perceptual systems that allow them to process information more readily. Unfortunately these shortcuts come with cost-perceptual errors such as stereotyping, halo effects, selective perception or projectionswhich typically occur without people being aware that they are happening. Stimulus Attention Recognition Translation Behavior Perception ? Rather than being perfect processors of information, negotiators have a tendency to make systematic errors when they process information. These errors, labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede negotiator performance: the irrational escalation of commitment, mythical fixed pie belief, the process f anchoring and adjustment, issue and problem framing, negotiators overconfidence, the winner’s curse, self-serving biases, ignoring others’ cognitions, the law of small numbers and reactive devaluation. Failures and distortions in perception, cognition and communication are the most dominant contributors to breakdowns and failures in negotiations. Three main techniques have been proposed for improving communic ation in negotiation: the use of questions, listening and role reversal. 7 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 6: Finding and using negotiation leverage In this chapter, the authors focus on leverage in negotiation that means the tools negotiators can use to give themselves an advantage or increase the probability of achieving their own objectives. Leverage is often used synonymously with power. Authors explain three major sources of power: information and expertise, control over resources, and location in an organizational structure and then point to the process for using power as an attempt to change the other’s position, view or perspective. During negotiations, actors frequently need to convince each other, influence the other party’s positions, perceptions and opinions and for doing these they employ a group of tactics that are called persuasion. Authors consider four key elements of persuasion: ways in which sources of information can be powerful, ways in which messages can be structured to be more powerful, ways in which targets of persuasion can enhance or reduce their power and ways in which the elements in social context can exert indirect influence on the target. There are some ways in which to think about the key factors in the persuasion/ leverage process. One of them is shown in below figure. Message factors Resultant attitudes (positions) Initial attitudes (positions) ? Message content ? Message Structure ? Persuasive style Source factor ? Credibility ? Attractiveness Target factors ? attending to the other ? Resisting the other’s arguments Context factor Reciprocity, Commitment, Social proof, Use of reward and punishment, Scarcity Central Route Peripheral Route ? ? ? ? Message factors or ways in which he content of the message can be structured and presented to enhance its effectiveness Source factors or ways in which the sender of the message can enhance his or her credibility and attractiveness in order to make the message more believable or more friendly Receiver factors or ways in which the receiver of the message can either shape and direct what the sender is communicating or intellectually resist the persuasive effects of the message Context factors or elements inherent in the social structure (such as the relationship between the parties, the setting in which the message is sent or the amount time taken to communicate the message) that can determine whether a message is more or less likely to be received and complied with. There are at least three major things that you as the listener can do to resist the other’s influence efforts: have a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), make a public commitment (or get the other pa rty to make one) and inoculate yourself against the other’s persuasive message. 8 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 7: Ethics in negotiation In this chapter authors explored the question of whether there are or should be accepted ethical standards for behavior in negotiation. Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation or a process for setting those standards. Ethics proceed from particular philosophies, which purport to (a) define the nature of the world in which we live and (b) prescribe rules for living together. The authors present a model to help explain how a negotiator decides whether to employ one or more deceptive tactics. Intentions and motives for using deceptive tactics Consequences: 1. Impact of tactic: does it work? 2. Self-evaluation 3. Feedback and reaction from other negotiator, constituency and audiences Influence Situation Identification of range of influence tactics Selection and use of a deceptive tactic Explanation and Justification Deception and disguise may take several forms in negotiation as follows: misrepresentation of one’s position to another party, bluffing, falsification (introduction of factually erroneous information), deception (collection of true and/or untrue arguments that leads the other party to the wrong conclusion) and selective disclosure or misrepresentation to constituencies. The authors predicted that (1) when motivated to be competitive and when expecting the other to be competitive the negotiator would see the marginally ethical tactics as appropriate and (2) when both parties were competitively motivated they would exhibit the greatest tendency to employ marginally ethical tactics. From the negotiator’s perspective the primary motivation to use a deceptive tactic is to gain a temporary power advantage. Using these tactics then produces consequences: the tactic may work (produce desired results) or not work; people evaluate their own use of the tactics( asking themselves if they were satisfied with the results, and if using the tactic was personally acceptable) and people also may receive evaluative comments from the other negotiator from constituencies and from audiences. Those evaluative comments may serve to increase or decrease the use of similar tactics in the future. If using the tactic allows negotiators to attain rewarding outcomes that would be unavailable to them if they behaved ethically and if the unethical conduct is not punished by others the frequency of unethical conduct is likely to increase because the negotiator believes he or she can get away with it. Negotiators frequently overlook the fact that although unethical or expedient tactics may get them what they want in the short run these same tactics typically lead to diminished effectiveness in the long term. (Consequences of these tactics on the negotiator’s reputation and trustworthiness, other party retaliation and revenge) If negotiators think the other party is using deceptive tactics he/she can do the following acts: Ask probing questions and recognize the tactic. 9 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 8: Global negotiation In this chapter authors examined various aspects of a growing field of negotiation that explores the complexities of negotiating across borders. Negotiators from different cultures (countries) use different negotiation strategies and communication patterns when negotiating intra-culturally than when negotiating cross-culturally. Two overall contexts have an influence on cross border negotiations: the environmental context, includes forces in the environment that are beyond the control of either party but that influence the negotiations, and immediate context, includes factors over which the negotiators have influence and some measure of control. To know more cultures, Hofstede suggested that there are four important dimensions that can be used to describe cultural differences: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance. Foster suggests that culture can influence global negations in several ways, including: the definition of negotiation, the selection of negotiators, protocol, communication, time, risk propensity, groups versus individuals and the nature of agreements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to manage cultural differences when negotiating across borders. Weiss presented the options that people have when negotiating with someone from other culture. According to him, when choosing a strategy, negotiators should be aware of their own and the other party’s cultures in general, understand the specific factors in the current relationship, and predict or try to influence the other party’s approach. His suggested responsive strategies may be arranged into three groups, base on familiarity (low, moderate, high) that a negotiator has with the other party’s culture. Within each group there are some strategies that the negotiator may use individually (unilateral strategies) and others that involve the participation of the other party (joint strategies). Low familiarity ? Employ agents or advisors (unilateral Strategy) ? bring in a mediator ? Induce the other party to use your approach Moderate familiarity ? Adapt to the other party’s approach ? Coordinate adjustment High familiarity ? Embrace the other party’s approach ? Improvise an approach ? Effect symphony 10 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 9: Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Through any number of different avenues – breakdowns in communication, escalation of anger and mistrust, polarization of positions and refusal to compromise, the issuance of ultimatums or simply the inability to invent options that are satisfactory to both sides – negotiations often hit an impasse. Productive dialogue stops. The parties may continue talking but the communication is usually characterized by trying to sell or force one’s own position, talking about other’s unreasonable position and uncooperative behavior or both. This chapter reviewed actions that the parties can take to return to a productive dialogue. In general there are five major conflict reduction strategies that can be applied in contentious situations: 1. Reducing tension and managing the de-escalation of hostility (via methods such as tension release, acknowledgment of the other’s feelings (active listening), separating the parties, synchronized de-escalation) 2. Enhancing communication, particularly improving each party’s understanding of the other’s perspective (via methods such as role reversal or imaging) 3. Controlling the number and size of issues in the discussion ? Reduce the number of parties on each side ? control the number of substantive issues involved ? state issues in concrete terms rather than as general principles ? restrict the precedents involved, both procedural and substantive ? search for ways to fractionate the big issues ? depersonalize issues: separate them from the parties advocating them 4. Establishing a common ground on which the parties can find a basis for agreement (via methods such as determining super ordinate goals, clarifying common enemies, agreement on the rules and procedures) 5. Enhancing the desirability of the options and alternatives that each party presents to the other (give the other party a â€Å"yes-able† proposal, ask for a different decision, sweeten the offer rather than intensify the threat, use legitimacy or objective criteria to evaluate solutions) The order of above steps is the one most frequently used by third parties in resolving disputes and hence we believe it also will be the most effective if employed by negotiators themselves. If the conflict cannot be controlled effectively, third-party intervention may become necessary. 11 How to cite Esssential of Negotiation, Papers